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Results of Controlled Experiment Supervised by Law Enforcement Officials

This scatterplot shows a positive linear relationship between IQ score and grade point average. Higher IQ scores are associated with higher GPAs. The correlation is strong, as points cluster closely around the best-fit line. There appear to be no outliers. Overall, people with higher intelligence tend to achieve better academic performance.

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3K views

Results of Controlled Experiment Supervised by Law Enforcement Officials

This scatterplot shows a positive linear relationship between IQ score and grade point average. Higher IQ scores are associated with higher GPAs. The correlation is strong, as points cluster closely around the best-fit line. There appear to be no outliers. Overall, people with higher intelligence tend to achieve better academic performance.

Uploaded by

api-248607804
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Results of controlled experiment

supervised by law enforcement officials


Here, we have two quantitative
variables for each of 16
students.
1) How many beers they
drank, and
2) Their blood alcohol level
(BAC)

We are interested in the


relationship between the two
variables: How is one affected
by changes in the other one?

Student

Beers

Blood Alcohol

0.1

0.03

0.19

0.095

0.07

0.02

11

0.07

13

0.085

0.12

0.04

0.06

10

0.05

12

0.1

14

0.09

15

0.01

16

0.05

Scatterplot: Blood Alcohol Content vs


Number
of Beers
In a scatterplot, one axis is used to represent each of the variables,
and the data are plotted as points on the graph.
Student

Beers

BAC

0.1

0.03

0.19

0.095

0.07

0.02

11

0.07

13

0.085

0.12

0.04

0.06

10

0.05

12

0.1

14

0.09

15

0.01

16

0.05

Scatterplot: Fuel Consumption


vs Car Weight. x=car weight,

y=fuel
(xi, yi): (3.4,cons.
5.5) (3.8, 5.9) (4.1, 6.5) (2.2, 3.3)
(2.6, 3.6) (2.9, 4.6) (2, 2.9) (2.7, 3.6) (1.9, 3.1) (3.4, 4.9)

Explanatory and response


A
dependent variable measures or records an outcome of a study.
variables

An independent variable explains changes in the dependent variable.


Typically, the independent variable is plotted on the horizontal axis, and
the dependent variable is plotted on the vertical axis.

Blood alcohol
content

Number of beers

Interpreting scatterplots

After plotting two variables on a scatterplot, we describe the relationship


by examining the form, correlation, and strength of the correlation.
We look for an overall pattern

Form: linear, curved, no pattern

Correlation: positive, negative, no correlation

Strength: how closely the points fit the form - strong, moderate, weak

and deviations from that pattern.

Outliers: points that do not follow the form or trend

Form and direction of an association


Linear
No relationship

Nonlinear

Positive correlation: High values of one variable tend to occur together


with high values of the other variable.
Negative correlation: High values of one variable tend to occur together
with low values of the other variable.

No relationship: X and Y vary independently. Knowing X tells you


nothing about Y.

One way to think about this is to remember the following:


The equation for this line is y = 5.
x is not involved.

Strength of the Correlation


The strength of the relationship between the two variables can be
seen by how much variation, or scatter, there is around the main form.

With a strong relationship, you


can get a pretty good estimate
of y if you know x.

With a weak relationship, for any


x you might get a wide range of
y values.

This is a weak relationship. For a


particular state median household
income, you cant predict the state
per capita income very well.

This is a very strong relationship.


The daily amount of gas consumed
can be predicted quite accurately for
a given temperature value.

How to scale a scatterplot


Same data in all four plots

Using an inappropriate
scale for a scatterplot
can give an incorrect
impression.

Both variables should be


given a similar amount of
space:
Plot roughly square
Points should occupy all
the plot space (no blank
space)

Outliers
An outlier is a data value that has a very low probability of occurrence
(i.e., it is unusual or unexpected).

In a scatterplot, outliers are points that fall outside of the overall pattern
of the relationship.

Not an outlier:

Outliers
The upper right-hand point here is
not an outlier of the relationshipIt
is what you would expect for this
many beers given the linear
relationship between beers/weight
and blood alcohol.

This point is not in line with the


others, so it is an outlier of the
relationship.

IQ score and
Grade point average
a) Describe in words what this
plot shows.

b) Describe the direction,


shape, and strength. Are
there outliers?

c) What is the deal with these


people?

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