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DC and AC Motor Drives: by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Switches: An Overview 2-1 2-1

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132 views11 pages

DC and AC Motor Drives: by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Switches: An Overview 2-1 2-1

motor drives enjoy

Uploaded by

Aslam Mohammad
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DC and AC Motor Drives

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor


Switches: An Overview

2-1

Introduction: DC Motor Drives


Direct current (dc) motors have variable characteristics and are used
extensively in variable-speed drives.
DC motors can provide a high starting torque and it is also possible to obtain
speed control over a wide range.
The methods of speed control are normally simpler and less expensive than
those of AC drives.
DC motors play a significant role in modern industrial drives.
Both series and separately excited DC motors are normally used in variablespeed drives, but series motors are traditionally employed for traction
applications.
Due to commutators, DC motors are not suitable for very high speed
applications and require more maintenance than do AC motors.
With the recent advancements in power conversions, control techniques, and
microcomputers, the ac motor drives are becoming increasingly competitive
with DC motor drives.
Although the future trend is toward AC drives, DC drives are currently
used in many
might 2be
a few
decades before the DC drives 2-2
are
Copyright
2003 industries. It Chapter
Power
Semiconductor
by
John Wiley & replaced
Sons, Inc. by AC drives.
Switches: An Overview
completely

Introduction: DC Motor Drives


Controlled rectifiers provide a variable dc output voltage from a fixed ac
voltage, whereas a dc-dc converter can provide a variable dc voltage from
a fixed dc voltage.
Due to their ability to supply a continuously variable dc voltage,
controlled rectifiers and dc-dc converters made a revolution in modern
industrial control equipment and variable-speed drives, with power levels
ranging from fractional horsepower to several megawatts.
Controlled rectifiers are generally used for the speed control of dc motors.
The alternative form would be a diode rectifier followed by dc-dc
converter.
DC drives can be classified, in general, into three types:
1. Single-phase drives
2. Three-phase drives
3. DC-DC converter drives
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor


Switches: An Overview

2-3

Controlled Rectifier- and DC-DC Converter-Fed Drives

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor


Switches: An Overview

2-4

Basic Characteristics of Shunt DC Motors

The motor speed can be varied by


controlling the armature voltage Va, known as voltage control;
controlling the field current If, known as field control; or
torque demand, which corresponds to an armature current I a, for a fixed
field current If.

The speed, which corresponds to the rated armature voltage, rated field
current and rated armature current, is known as the rated (or base) speed.
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor


Switches: An Overview

2-5

Basic Characteristics of Shunt DC Motors


In practice, for a speed less than the base speed, the armature current and field
currents are maintained constant to meet the torque demand, and the armature
voltage Va is varied to control the speed.
For speed higher than the base speed, the armature voltage is maintained at the
rated value and the field current is varied to control the speed.
However, the power developed by the motor (= torque X speed) remains constant.
Figure below shows the characteristics of torque, power, armature current, and
field current against the speed.

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor


Switches: An Overview

2-6

Basic Characteristics of Series DC Motors

The motor speed can be varied by


controlling the armature voltage Va, known as voltage control;
armature current Ia, which is a measure of the torque demand.

A series motor can provide a high torque, especially at starting; and for
this reason,
are commonly
used in traction applications.
Copyright
2003 series motors
Chapter
2 Power Semiconductor
2-7
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Switches: An Overview

Basic Characteristics of Series DC Motors


For a speed up to the base speed, the armature voltage is varied and the
torque is maintained constant.
Once the rated armature voltage is applied, the speed-torque relationship
follows the natural characteristic of the motor and the power (= torque X
speed) remains constant.
As the torque demand is reduced, the speed increases.
At a very light load, the speed could be very high and it is not advisable
to run a dc series motor without a load.

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor


Switches: An Overview

2-8

Operating Modes
In variable-speed applications, a dc motor may be operating in one or
more modes:

motoring,
regenerative braking,
dynamic braking,
plugging, and
four quadrants.

Motoring: The arrangements for motoring are shown in Figure 15.7a. Back
emf Eg is less than supply voltage Vy. Both armature and field currents are
positive. The motor develops torque to meet the load demand.

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor


Switches: An Overview

2-9

Operating Modes
Regenerative braking:
The arrangements for regenerative braking are shown in Figure 15.7b.
The motor acts as a generator and develops an induced voltage Eg. Eg
must be greater than supply voltage Va.

The armature current is negative, but the field current is positive.


The kinetic energy of the motor is returned to the supply.
A series motor is usually connected as a self-excited generator.
For self-excitation, it is necessary that the field current aids the residual
flux. This is normally accomplished by reversing the armature terminals
or the field terminals.

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor


Switches: An Overview

2-10

Operating Modes
Dynamic braking:
The arrangements shown in Figure 15.7c are similar to those of
regenerative braking, except the supply voltage Va is replaced by a
braking resistance Rb,.
The kinetic energy of the motor is dissipated in Rb.

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor


Switches: An Overview

2-11

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