Scribd
Upload
668 views28 pages

PAPR

This document presents a method for reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using selective mapping (SLM) with space frequency block coding (SFBC). It begins with introducing OFDM and identifying high PAPR as a challenge. Existing PAPR reduction techniques are described along with their drawbacks. The proposed method applies SLM to generate alternative signal representations, selects the one with the lowest PAPR, and uses SFBC encoding. Simulation results show the proposed method reduces PAPR compared to SLM alone, with greater reduction at higher numbers of subcarriers. The document concludes the method is effective at PAPR reduction and suggests further work

Uploaded by

Pavan Vinayak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
668 views28 pages

PAPR

This document presents a method for reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using selective mapping (SLM) with space frequency block coding (SFBC). It begins with introducing OFDM and identifying high PAPR as a challenge. Existing PAPR reduction techniques are described along with their drawbacks. The proposed method applies SLM to generate alternative signal representations, selects the one with the lowest PAPR, and uses SFBC encoding. Simulation results show the proposed method reduces PAPR compared to SLM alone, with greater reduction at higher numbers of subcarriers. The document concludes the method is effective at PAPR reduction and suggests further work

Uploaded by

Pavan Vinayak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

Reduction of PAPR Using SLM Based

SFBC Technique in OFDM Systems


Presented
By

G. HARIKA
12S11D6504
M.TECH-WMC

Under the Guidance of


Mr B. MOHAN KUMAR
Associate Professor

Contents

Objective
Introduction to OFDM
Difference b/w FDM and OFDM
OFDM Block Diagram
PAPR
Existing Methods
Drawbacks of Existing Methods
Proposed Method
Selective Mapping Scheme (SLM)
SFBC Using SLM Process
Simulation Results
Comparison Table
Conclusion
Future Scope
References

Objective
The main objective of the project is PAPR reduction using SLM
scheme in OFDM Systems with Space Frequency Block Coding
(SFBC) which are caused by fluctuations in OFDM Signals.

Introduction to OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation technique which divides the available spectrum
into many carriers.
OFDM uses the spectrum efficiently compared to FDMA by
spacing the channels much closer together and making all carriers
orthogonal to one another to prevent interference between the
closely spaced carriers.

Difference b/w FDM and OFDM


OFDM
Carriers are orthogonal (peak of

FDM
Carriers are not orthogonal

one carrier occurs at null of the

Bandwidth usage is high

other carrier)

Data rate is low when compared

Bandwidth is efficient
Higher data rate
Used in LTE, Wi MAX, DAB

to OFDM system
Used in Radio, Satellite
Communications

OFDM Block Diagram

I/P Data

S/P
converter

O/P
Data

P/S
converter

Multicarrier
modulator
IFFT

Multi-carrier
demodulator FFT

Add cyclic
prefix and
P/S
converter

Remove
cyclic
prefix and
S/P
converter

D/A
converter
O/P of
Tx to
I/p of
Rx
A/D
converter

PAPR
Presence of large number of independently modulated sub-carriers in an
OFDM system the peak value of the system can be very high as
compared to the average of the whole system.
The peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is the peak amplitude squared
(giving the peak power) divided by the RMS value squared (giving the
average power).
It is defined as the large variation or ratio between the average signal
power and the maximum or minimum signal power.
PAPR = P peak/P average = 10log10(max[|xn|2]/E |x[n]|2)

Existing Methods
There are many different algorithms that have been proposed to solve
the high PAPR problem of OFDM system. PAPR reduction techniques
are divided into 3 groups.
Signal Distortion Techniques
Coding Techniques
Signal Scrambling Techniques

Drawbacks of Existing Methods


Signal Distortion Techniques
The clipping is one of the simplest distortion based technique to
reduce the PAPR of OFDM signal. It reduces the peak of the OFDM
signal by clipping the signal to the desired level but it introduces
both in-band distortion and out-of-band radiation.
All the companding schemes distort the shape of the original OFDM
signal and PAPR reduction capability is achieved at the cost of BER
performance degradation and significant loss of data rate in OFDM
system.

Contd
Coding Techniques
The core of encoding method is to apply special forward error correction
technique to remove the OFDM signals with high PAPR.
The classical schemes include Golay codes, Reed-Muller code is a high
efficiency code and Linear Block Code (LBC) is only suitable for a
system with small number of sub-carriers.

Contd
Signal Scrambling Techniques
The basic fundamental principle of this technique is to scramble each
OFDM signal with different scrambling sequences and select one
which has the smallest PAPR value for transmission.
This technique does not guarantee reduction of PAPR value below to a
certain threshold, but it can reduce the appearance probability of high
PAPR to a great extent.

Proposed Method
SLM algorithm is a typical non-distortion technique for
reduction of PAPR. Here we propose SLM based SFBC
technique to reduce PAPR in OFDM systems.

Selective Mapping Scheme (SLM)

Selective Mapping Scheme


In Selective Mapping (SLM) technique the actual transmit signal
lowest PAPR is selected from a set of sufficiently different signals
which all represents the same information.
SLM Technique are very flexible as they do not impose any
restriction on modulation applied in the subcarriers or on their
number.

Algorithm of SLM
i.
ii.

Divide the number of bits as input as .


Select different pseudo-random sequences
=
m=1,2,3,M
Where and stands for the rotation factor or weighting factor and is
uniformly distributed in [0 2].
iii.
Perform dot product operation on a data with rotation factor . i.e.,
all the elements of phase sequence are set to 1 so as to make this branch
sequence the original signal. The symbols in branch is expressed

Contd
Next, the resulting M statistically independent data are calculated by;
= Where m=1,2,3,M
Then Convert frequency domain to time domain by performing IFFT
calculation. The entire process is given by
,
Then the PAPR of these vectors are calculated separately.
The sequences with the smallest PAPR will be elected for final serial
transmission.
Finally, at the receiving end, OFDM symbols =[ in discrete time-domain
are obtained.

SFBC Using SLM Process Block Diagram

SFBC Using SLM Process


Multiply the original data X by independent phase sequences and
obtain X_.
Each couple (X_ 2k,X_ 2k+1) will be encoded according to the precoder codebook M.
Basically, this method uses a predefined set E of possible phases.
This set E consists of two subsets: E1 leaves unchanged the OFDM
signal constellation whereas E2 is the set of its rotated constellation with
a specific angle. If the constellation points (in set E) are very close, the
rate of errors detection phase will be increased.

Simulation Results

SLM for PAPR Reduction where k=32

Contd

SLM for PAPR Reduction where k=64

Contd

PAPR Reduction using 64 Subcarriers in


SFBC based SLM

Contd

PAPR Reduction using 128 Subcarriers


in SFBC based SLM

Contd

PAPR Reduction using 256 Subcarriers


in SFBC based SLM

Comparison Table
K values

Before SFBC using


in SLM

After SFBC using in SLM

256

Above 8db

6.32db

128

Above 8db

5.43db

64

Above 8db

4.85db

Conclusion and Future Scope


It is clear that as N values increases PAPR increases, PAPR decreases
with increase in phase sequence(U), by SFBC based SLM method
significant amount of PAPR is decreased.

FUTURE SCOPE
The enhancement can be done with further PAPR reduction techniques with
different modulation techniques.

References
L.J. Cimini, Jr, Analysis and Simulation of a Digital Mobile Channel
using OFDM, IEEE Trans. On Communications, vol.Com-33, no.7,
pp.665-675, July 1985.
R.V. Paiement, Evaluation of Single Carrier and Multicarrier
Modulation Techniques for Digital ATV Terrestrial Broadcasting CRC
Rep, Ottawa, ON, Canada, CRC-RP-004, 1994.
T.de. Couasnon, et al, OFDM for Digital TV Broadcasting, Signal
Processing, vol.39, pp.1-32, 1994.

THANK YOU

You might also like