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Arrays, Strings and Collections

This document discusses arrays and strings in Java. It describes how arrays allow grouping of related data items and can be one-dimensional or multi-dimensional. Java supports declaring, creating, and initializing arrays. Strings are treated as fundamental data types in Java and the String class provides many useful methods for manipulating and comparing strings.

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53 views28 pages

Arrays, Strings and Collections

This document discusses arrays and strings in Java. It describes how arrays allow grouping of related data items and can be one-dimensional or multi-dimensional. Java supports declaring, creating, and initializing arrays. Strings are treated as fundamental data types in Java and the String class provides many useful methods for manipulating and comparing strings.

Uploaded by

Anonymous ZntoXci
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Arrays, Strings and

Collections [1]
Rajkumar Buyya
Grid Computing and Distributed Systems (GRIDS)
Laboratory
Dept. of Computer Science and Software Engineering
University of Melbourne, Australia
http://www.buyya.com
1

Arrays - Introduction

An array is a group of contiguous or related data items


that share a common name.
Used when programs have to handle large amount of
data
Each value is stored at a specific position
Position is called a index or superscript. Base index = 0
The ability to use a single name to represent a
collection of items and refer to an item by specifying
the item number enables us to develop concise and
efficient programs. For example, a loop with index as
the control variable can be used to read the entire
array, perform calculations, and print out the results.
2

Arrays - Introduction

index

69

61

70

89

23

10

values

Declaration of Arrays

Like any other variables, arrays must declared and created


before they can be used. Creation of arrays involve three
steps:

Declare the array


Create storage area in primary memory.
Put values into the array (i.e., Memory location)

Declaration of Arrays:

Form 1:
Type arrayname[]

Form 2:

Type [] arrayname;

Examples:
int[] students;
int students[];
Note: we dont specify the size of arrays in the declaration.

Creation of Arrays

After declaring arrays, we need to


allocate memory for storage array
items.
In Java, this is carried out by using
new operator, as follows:

Arrayname = new type[size];

Examples:

students = new int[7];

Initialisation of Arrays

Once arrays are created, they need to be


initialised with some values before access their
content. A general form of initialisation is:

Arrayname [index/subscript] = value;

Example:

students[0] = 50;
students[1] = 40;

Like C, Java creates arrays starting with subscript 0


and ends with value one less than the size
specified.
Unlike C, Java protects arrays from overruns and
under runs. Trying to access an array beyond its
boundaries will generate an error message.
6

Arrays Length

Arrays are fixed length


Length is specified at create time
In java, all arrays store the allocated
size in a variable named length.
We can access the length of arrays
as arrayName.length:
e.g. int x = students.length;

// x = 7

Accessed using the index


e.g. int x = students [1];

// x = 40
7

Arrays Example
// StudentArray.java: store integers in arrays and access
public class StudentArray{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] students;
students = new int[7];
System.out.println("Array Length = " + students.length);
for ( int i=0; i < students.length; i++)
students[i] = 2*i;
System.out.println("Values Stored in Array:");
for ( int i=0; i < students.length; i++)
System.out.println(students[i]);
}
}
:w

Arrays Initializing at
Declaration

Arrays can also be initialised like


standard variables at the time of their
declaration.

Type arrayname[] = {list of values};

Example:
int[] students = {55, 69, 70, 30, 80};

Creates and initializes the array of integers of


length 5.
In this case it is not necessary to use
the new operator.
9

Arrays Example
// StudentArray.java: store integers in arrays and access
public class StudentArray{
public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] students = {55, 69, 70, 30, 80};


System.out.println("Array Length = " + students.length);
System.out.println("Values Stored in Array:");
for ( int i=0; i < students.length; i++)
System.out.println(students[i]);
}
}

10

Two Dimensional Arrays

Two dimensional
arrays allows us to
store data that are
recorded in table.
For example:
Table contains 12
items, we can think
of this as a matrix
consisting of 4 rows
and 3 columns.

Item1

Item2

Item3

Salesgirl
#1

10

15

30

Salesgirl
#2

14

30

33

Salesgirl
#3

200

32

Salesgirl
#4

10

200

Sold
Person

11

2D arrays manipulations

Declaration:

Creation:

int myArray [][];


myArray = new int[4][3]; // OR
int myArray [][] = new int[4][3];

Initialisation:

Single Value;

myArray[0][0] = 10;

Multiple values:

int tableA[2][3] = {{10, 15, 30}, {14, 30, 33}};


int tableA[][] = {{10, 15, 30}, {14, 30, 33}};
12

Variable Size Arrays

Java treats multidimensional arrays


as arrays of arrays. It is possible to
declare a 2D arrays as follows:

int a[][] = new int [3][];


a[0]= new int [3];
a[1]= new int [2];
a[2]= new int [4];

13

Try: Write a program to Add to


Matrix

Define 2 dimensional matrix variables:

Define their size to be 2x3


Initialise like some values
Create a matrix c to storage sum value

Say: int a[][], b[][];

c[0][0] = a[0][0] + b[0][0]

Print the contents of result matrix.

14

Arrays of Objects

Arrays can be used to store objects


Circle[] circleArray;
circleArray = new Circle[25];

The above statement creates an


array that can store references to 25
Circle objects.
Circle objects are not created.
15

Arrays of Objects

Create the Circle objects and


stores them in the array.
//declare an array for Circle
Circle circleArray[] = new Circle[25];
int r = 0;
// create circle objects and store in array
for (r=0; r <25; r++)
circleArray[r] = new Circle(r);

16

String Operations in Java

17

Introduction

String manipulation is the most common operation performed in


Java programs. The easiest way to represent a String (a
sequence of characters) is by using an array of characters.

Example:
char place[] = new char[4];
place[0] = J;
place[1] = a;
place[2] = v;
place[3] = a;

Although character arrays have the advantage of being able to


query their length, they themselves are too primitive and dont
support a range of common string operations. For example,
copying a string, searching for specific pattern etc.
Recognising the importance and common usage of String
manipulation in large software projects, Java supports String as
one of the fundamental data type at the language level. Strings
related book keeping operations (e.g., end of string) are handled
automatically.
18

String Operations in Java

Following are some useful


classes that Java provides for
String operations.
String Class
StringBuffer Class
StringTokenizer Class

19

String Class

String class provides many


operations for manipulating strings.

Constructors
Utility
Comparisons
Conversions

String objects are read-only


(immutable)
20

Strings Basics

Declaration and Creation:

String stringName;
stringName = new String (string value);
Example:

String city;
city = new String (Bangalore);

Length of string can be accessed by


invoking length() method defined in String
class:

int len = city.length();


21

String operations and Arrays

Java Strings can be concatenated using


the + operator.

String city = New + York;


String city1 = Delhi;
String city2 = New +city1;

Strings Arrays

String city[] = new String[5];


city[0] = new String(Melbourne);
city[1] = new String(Sydney);

String megacities[] = {Brisbane, Sydney,


Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth};
22

String class - Constructors


public String()

Constructs an empty
String.

Public String(String value)

Constructs a new string


copying the specified
string.

23

String Some useful


operations
public int length()

Returns the length of the


string.

public charAt(int index)

Returns the character at


the specified location
(index)

public int
Compare the Strings.
compareTo( String
anotherString)
public int
compareToIgnoreCase( Stri
ng anotherString)
reigonMatch(int start,
String other, int ostart, int

Compares a region of the


Strings with the specified 24

String Some useful


operations
public String replace(char
oldChar, char newChar)

Returns a new string with


all instances of the
oldChar replaced with
newChar.

public trim()

Trims leading and trailing


white spaces.

public String
toLowerCase()
public String
toUpperCase()

Changes as specified.

25

String Class - example


// StringDemo.java: some operations on strings
class StringDemo {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String s = new String("Have a nice Day");
// String Length = 15
System.out.println("String Length = " + s.length() );
// Modified String = Have a Good Day
System.out.println("Modified String = " + s.replace('n', 'N'));
// Converted to Uppercse = HAVE A NICE DAY"
System.out.println("Converted to Uppercase = " + s.toUpperCase());
// Converted to Lowercase = have a nice day"
System.out.println("Converted to Lowercase = " + s.toLowerCase());
}
}

26

StringDemo Output

[raj@mundroo] Arrays [1:130] java


StringDemo

String Length = 15
Modified String = Have a Nice Day
Converted to Uppercase = HAVE A NICE DAY
Converted to Lowercase = have a nice day

[raj@mundroo] Arrays [1:131]


27

Summary

Arrays allows grouping of sequence of


related items.
Java supports powerful features for
declaring, creating, and manipulating
arrays in efficient ways.
Each items of arrays of arrays can have
same or variable size.
Java provides enhanced support for
manipulating strings and manipulating
them appears similar to manipulating
standard data type variables.
28

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