Chapter 2 Primitive Data Types and

Operations

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Objectives

To write Java programs to perform simple calculations .

To use identifiers to name variables, constants, methods, and classes .
To use variables to store data .
To program with assignment statements and assignment expressions .
To use constants to store permanent data .
To declare Java primitive data types: byte, short, int, long, float, double, and
char.
To use Java operators to write expressions.
To represent a string using the String type.
To obtain input using the JOptionPane input dialog boxes.
(Optional) To obtain input from console .
To become familiar with Java documentation, programming style, and naming
conventions .
To distinguish syntax errors, runtime errors, and logic errors .
To debug logic errors .

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Introducing Programming with an

Example
Listing 2.1 Computing the Area of a
Circle
This program computes the area of the
circle.

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Identifiers

An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of

letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_),
or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.
An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix A,
Java Keywords, for a list of reserved words).

An identifier cannot be true, false, or

null.
An identifier can be of any length.

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Variables
// Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is +
area + " for radius "+radius);
// Compute the second area
radius = 2.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is +
area + " for radius "+radius);
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Declaring Variables
int x;

// Declare x to be an
// integer variable;

double radius; // Declare radius to

// be a double variable;
char a;

// Declare a to be a
// character variable;

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Assignment Statements
x = 1;

// Assign 1 to x;

radius = 1.0;

// Assign 1.0 to radius;

a = 'A';

// Assign 'A' to a;

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Declaring and Initializing

in One Step

int x = 1;

double d = 1.4;

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Constants
final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;
final double PI = 3.14159;
final int SIZE = 3;

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Numerical Data Types

Name

Range

Storage Size

byte

27 (-128) to 271 (127)

8-bit signed

short

215 (-32768) to 2151 (32767)

16-bit signed

int

231 (-2147483648) to 2311 (2147483647) 32-bit signed

long

263 to 2631
(i.e., -9223372036854775808
to 9223372036854775807)

64-bit signed

float

Negative range:
-3.4028235E+38 to -1.4E-45
Positive range:
1.4E-45 to 3.4028235E+38

32-bit IEEE 754

double

Negative range:
-1.7976931348623157E+308 to
-4.9E-324
Positive range:
4.9E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E+308

64-bit IEEE 754

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Numeric Operators

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Integer Division
+, -, *, /, and %
5 / 2 yields (give) an integer 2.
5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5
5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)

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Shortcut Assignment Operators

Operator Example

Equivalent

+=

i += 8

i = i + 8

-=

f -= 8.0

f = f - 8.0

*=

i *= 8

i = i * 8

/=

i /= 8

i = i / 8

%=

i %= 8

i = i % 8

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Increment and
Decrement Operators
Operator
var++
var--

Name
Description
postincrement The expression (var++) evaluates to the original value
in var and increments var by 1.
postdecrement The expression (var--) evaluates to the original value
in var and decrements var by 1.

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Assignment Expressions and

Assignment Statements
Prior to Java 2, all the expressions can be used as
statements. Since Java 2, only the following types of
expressions can be statements:
variable op= expression; // Where op is +, -, *, /, or %
variable++;
variable--;

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Type Casting
Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)
Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part is
truncated)
What is wrong? int x = 5 / 2.0;
range increases
byte, short, int, long, float, double

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String Concatenation
// Three strings are concatenated
String message = "Welcome " + "to " + "Java";
// String Chapter is concatenated with number 2
String s = "Chapter" + 2; // s becomes Chapter2
// String Supplement is concatenated with character B
String s1 = "Supplement" + 'B'; // s becomes
SupplementB

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Obtaining Input
This book provides three ways of obtaining input.
1.
2.

Using JOptionPane input dialogs

Using the JDK 1.5 Scanner class

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Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes

String string = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
null, Prompting Message, Dialog Title,
JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE));

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Two Ways to Invoke the Method

There are several ways to use the showInputDialog method. For
the time being, you only need to know two ways to invoke it.
One is to use a statement as shown in the example:
String string = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, x,
y, JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE));

where x is a string for the prompting message, and y is a string for

the title of the input dialog box.
The other is to use a statement like this:
JOptionPane.showInputDialog(x);

where x is a string for the prompting message.

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Converting Strings to Integers

The input returned from the input dialog box is a string. If
you enter a numeric value such as 123, it returns 123.
To obtain the input as a number, you have to convert a
string into a number.
To convert a string into an int value, you can use the
static parseInt method in the Integer class as follows:
int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);
where intString is a numeric string such as 123.
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Converting Strings to Doubles

To convert a string into a double value, you can use the
static parseDouble method in the Double class as follows:
double doubleValue =Double.parseDouble(doubleString);
where doubleString is a numeric string such as 123.45.

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Getting Input Using Scanner

1. Create a Scanner object
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

2. Use the methods next(), nextByte(), nextShort(),

nextInt(), nextLong(), nextFloat(), nextDouble(), or
nextBoolean() to obtain to a string, byte, short, int,
long, float, double, or boolean value. For example,
System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
double d = scanner.nextDouble();

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Programming Style and

Documentation
Appropriate

Comments
Naming Conventions
Proper Indentation and Spacing
Lines
Block Styles

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Appropriate Comments
Include a summary at the beginning of the
program to explain what the program does, its key
features, its supporting data structures, and any
unique techniques it uses.
Include your name, class section, instructor, date,
and a brief description at the beginning of the
program.

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Naming Conventions
Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
Variables and method names:

Use lowercase. If the name consists of several

words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase
for the first word, and capitalize the first letter
of each subsequent word in the name. For
example, the variables radius and area, and
the method computeArea.

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Naming Conventions, cont.

Class names:
Capitalize the first letter of each word in
the name. For example, the class name
ComputeArea.

Constants:
Capitalize all letters in constants, and use
underscores to connect words. For
example, the constant PI and
MAX_VALUE

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Proper Indentation and Spacing

Indentation
Indent two spaces.

Spacing
Use blank line to separate segments of the code.

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Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.

Next-line
style

public class Test

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

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End-of-line
style

Exercises
"Hello World!" for the NetBeans IDE
Variables
Primitive Data Types
Arrays
Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operato
rs
Equality, Relational, and Conditional Operat
ors

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Exercises, cont.
The if-then and if-then-else Statements
The switch Statement
The while and do-while Statements
The for Statement

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