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Memory Handling in C & C++

The document discusses various memory handling functions in C/C++ including malloc, calloc, realloc, free, memcpy, memset, new, and delete. It provides the syntax and examples of how to use each function to dynamically allocate and manage memory, copy memory blocks, initialize memory, and create/destroy objects.

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76 views

Memory Handling in C & C++

The document discusses various memory handling functions in C/C++ including malloc, calloc, realloc, free, memcpy, memset, new, and delete. It provides the syntax and examples of how to use each function to dynamically allocate and manage memory, copy memory blocks, initialize memory, and create/destroy objects.

Uploaded by

sreekarscribd
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEMORY HANDLING

FUNCTIONS
IN
C / C++
ABSTRACT
Gives knowledge about memory handling functions in c
& c++
Includes syntax and examples which makes easier to
understand and easy to program
Functions explained are
C C++
Malloc new
Calloc delete
Realloc
Free
MALLOC
malloc allocates a block of size bytes from the memory
heap. It allows a program to allocate memory explicitly
as it's needed, and in the exact amounts needed.
The heap is used for dynamic allocation of variable-
sized blocks of memory.

SYNTAX :
void *malloc(size_t size);

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <process.h>

int main(void)
{
 char *str;

 /* allocate memory for string */


 if ((str = (char *) malloc(10)) == NULL)
 {
 printf("Not enough memory to allocate buffer\n");
 exit(1); /* terminate program if out of memory */
 }

 /* copy "Hello" into string */


 strcpy(str, "Hello");

 /* display string */
 printf("String is %s\n", str);

 /* free memory */
 free(str);

 return 0;
}
CALLOC
calloc provides access to the C memory heap, which is
available for dynamic
allocation of variable-sized blocks of memory.

SYNTAX :
void *calloc(size_t nitems, size_t size);
 Example:

 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <alloc.h>
 #include <string.h>

 int main(void)
{
 char *str = NULL;

 /* allocate memory for string */


 str = (char *) calloc(10, sizeof(char));

 /* copy "Hello" into string */


 strcpy(str, "Hello");

 /* display string */
 printf("String is %s\n", str);

 /* free memory */
 free(str);

 return 0;
}
FREE
free deallocates a memory block allocated by a
previous call to calloc,
malloc, or realloc.

SYNTAX :
void free(void *block);
 free example
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <alloc.h>

 int main(void)
 {
 char *str;

 /* allocate memory for string */


 str = (char *) malloc(10);

 /* copy "Hello" to string */


 strcpy(str, "Hello");

 /* display string */
 printf("String is %s\n", str);

 /* free memory */
 free(str);

 return 0;
 }
REALLOC
realloc adjusts the size of the allocated block to size,
copying the
contents to a new location if necessary.

SYNTAX :
 void *realloc(void *block, size_t size);
 realloc example

#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(void)
{
 char *str;

 /* allocate memory for string */


 str = (char *) malloc(10);

 /* copy "Hello" into string */


 strcpy(str, "Hello");

 printf("String is %s\n Address is %p\n", str, str);


 str = (char *) realloc(str, 20);
 printf("String is %s\n New address is %p\n", str, str);

 /* free memory */
 free(str);

 return 0;
}
MEMCPY
these functions copies a block of n bytes from src to
dest.
With memcpy, if src and dest overlap, the behavior is
undefined.

SYNTAX :
void *memcpy (void *dest, const void *src, size_t n);
memcpy example

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(void)
{
 char src[] = "******************************";
 char dest[] = "abcdefghijlkmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456709";
 char *ptr;

 printf("destination before memcpy: %s\n", dest);


 ptr = (char *) memcpy(dest, src, strlen(src));
 if (ptr)
 printf("destination after memcpy: %s\n", dest);
 else
 printf("memcpy failed\n");
 return 0;
}
MEMSET
memset sets the first n bytes of the array s to the
character c.

SYNTAX :
void *memset (void *s, int c, size_t n);
Example:

 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <mem.h>

 int main(void)
{
 char buffer[] = "Hello world\n";

 printf("Buffer before memset: %s\n", buffer);


 memset(buffer, '*', strlen(buffer) - 1);
 printf("Buffer after memset: %s\n", buffer);
 return 0;
}
NEW & DELETE
 Operators that create and destroy an object

 Syntax:
 þ <pointer_to_name> = new <name> [ <name_initializer> ];
 þ delete <pointer_to_name>;

The "new" operator tries to create an object <name> by allocating


sizeof(<name>) bytes in the heap.

The "delete" operator destroys the object <name> by deallocating


sizeof(<name>) bytes (pointed to by <pointer_to_name>).

The storage duration of the new object is from the point of creation until
the operator "delete" deallocates its memory, or until the end of the
program.
 Example:
 name *nameptr; // name is any non-function type
 ...
 if (!(nameptr = new name)) {
 errmsg("Insufficient memory for name");
 exit (1);
 }
 // Use *nameptr to initialize new name object
 ...
 delete nameptr; //destroy name; deallocate
sizeof(name) bytes

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