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    Endocrine Lab 1

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    Miss D
    The endocrine system regulates physiological activities through hormones. It works with the nervous system for control. The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe contains cell types that secrete hormones under hypothalamic control. The posterior lobe stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus. The thyroid gland contains follicles made of follicular cells that secrete thyroid hormones. Parathyroid glands contain chief cells that secrete PTH. The adrenal gland has an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes steroid hormones and the medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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    Endocrine Lab 1

    Uploaded by

    Miss D
    25 views45 pages
    The endocrine system regulates physiological activities through hormones. It works with the nervous system for control. The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe contains cell types that secrete hormones under hypothalamic control. The posterior lobe stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus. The thyroid gland contains follicles made of follicular cells that secrete thyroid hormones. Parathyroid glands contain chief cells that secrete PTH. The adrenal gland has an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes steroid hormones and the medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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    Endocrine A&P

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    The endocrine system regulates physiological activities through hormones. It works with the nervous system for control. The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe contains cell types that secrete hormones under hypothalamic control. The posterior lobe stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus. The thyroid gland contains follicles made of follicular cells that secrete thyroid hormones. Parathyroid glands contain chief cells that secrete PTH. The adrenal gland has an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes steroid hormones and the medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    25 views45 pages

    Endocrine Lab 1

    Uploaded by

    Miss D
    The endocrine system regulates physiological activities through hormones. It works with the nervous system for control. The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe contains cell types that secrete hormones under hypothalamic control. The posterior lobe stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus. The thyroid gland contains follicles made of follicular cells that secrete thyroid hormones. Parathyroid glands contain chief cells that secrete PTH. The adrenal gland has an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes steroid hormones and the medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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    LAB 1

    The
    Endocrine
    System

    Endocrine system is the second major control


    system of the body
    Endocrine
    System
    Functioning as
    a partner with
    the nervous
    system, it
    regulates the
    physiological
    activities of
    the body

    Nervous
    System
    Nervous system
    exerts rapid control
    via electrochemical
    impulses.
    In contrast, the
    endocrine system uses
    more slowly acting
    chemical messengers
    called hormones

    Hormones
    Steroid-based

    Amino Acid-based
    Both function to
    stimulate changes in
    metabolic activity
    of body tissues

    Changes that
    promote homeostasis
    Organs that respond to a particular hormone are called
    target organs

    Some hormone-producing glands have a purely


    endocrine function, while others do not have
    such an exclusive function
    Exclusive endocrine
    function

    Pituitary ant
    Parathyroid
    Pineal
    Thyroid
    Adrenals

    Do not function
    exclusively as
    endocrine glands
    All
    secretory
    glands are
    derived
    from
    epithelium

    Hypothalamus
    Thymus
    Pancreas
    Gonads

    Endocrine Tissue - Histology Basics


    Endocrine glandular structures are
    classified according to arrangement
    of the cells and the type of cells
    that make up the structure
    1) Unicellular single cell endocrine units
    occurring in another tissue (heart, GI
    tract, bone marrow, etc.)
    2) Neurosecretory neuron-like endocrine
    units (posterior pituitary and
    hypothalamus)
    3) Cord and Clump cells arranged in
    linear patterns or clusters
    4) Follicular cells which form walls of
    epithelial spheres with secretory
    product/precursors localized inside the
    spheres

    Classes of
    Hormones
    1) Steroids
    2) Amino acids &
    derivatives
    -peptides/proteins/
    glycoproteins
    Protein & glycoproteinsecreting cells tend to
    be acidophilc (red/pink
    in appearance)

    Todays lab: 1) Pituitary


    2)
    3)
    4)
    5)

    1) Pituitary

    Thyroid
    Parathyroids
    Adrenals
    Pancreas

    Basic function
    &
    microscopic
    anatomy

    Anatomy of Pituitary

    Hypothalamus

    (aka optic chiasm)


    Optic nerve crossing

    Infundibulum

    Anterior

    Posterior

    pituitary

    Pituitary

    Pituitary fossa

    Pituitary
    Divides into two functional lobes
    Anterior Pituitary

    Posterior Pituitary

    aka adenohypophysis
    Composed of glandular tissue
    2 anterior parts
    -pars distalis
    -pars tuberalis

    secretes
    hormones

    aka neurohypophysis
    Composed of neural tissue

    hormone
    storage

    2 posterior parts
    -pars nervosa
    -infundibulum

    Anterior Pituitary Types of Cells & Hormones


    Anterior pituitary is made up of glandular
    tissue and has five distinct cell types that
    secrete seven different hormones.
    Cell Type

    Hormone (stimulatory)

    Somatotropin (HGH)
    Thyrotropin (TSH)
    2 Gonadotropins

    *1) Somatotrophs
    2) Thyrotrophs
    3) Gonadotrophs
    4) Lactotrophs

    LH
    Prolactin (PRL)

    5) Corticotrophs

    2 Corticotropins

    FSH

    ACTH

    MSH

    Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Melanocyte-Stimulating


    Hormone
    *Most numerous (30-40%) cell type

    Anterior Pituitary Hormones (7 Total)


    Somatotropin Thyrotropin Gonadatropins Prolactin
    (HGH)

    HGH acts on
    liver & specific
    tissues to
    secrete IGFs

    (TSH)

    TSH
    controls
    secretion of
    thyroid
    hormones

    (FSH & LH)

    FSH & LH
    act on
    both male
    & female
    gonads

    (PRL)

    PRL acts
    on
    mammary
    glands

    Corticotropins

    (ACTH & MSH)

    ACTH acts on
    adrenal cortex
    to secrete
    glucocorticoids
    mainly cortisol

    hypothalamus
    *Posterior Pituitary

    Anterior Pituitary

    7 hypothalamic hormones that


    stimulate the anterior pituitary

    Not glandular-does not


    synthesize hormones

    5 releasing
    hormones

    Storage site for 2


    stimulatory hormones
    synthesized in the
    hypothalamus.

    2 inhibiting
    hormones

    GHRH

    GHIH

    TRH

    PIH

    GnRH
    PRH
    CRH

    Nerve impulses trigger


    release into circulation

    Stored
    in
    Herring
    bodies

    ADH
    (antidiuretic hormone)
    OT
    (oxytocin)

    Pituitary One gland with two functional lobes and


    distinctly different tissues
    In developing brain,
    tissue evaginates
    ventrally forming the
    posterior pituitary

    At the same time, tissue


    grows up from roof of
    mouth forming a
    protrusion that will
    develop into the anterior
    pituitary

    Ultimately, the two tissues grow into one another, but their
    structure remains distinctly different

    Posterior/Anterior Pituitary

    posterior
    lobe

    anterior
    lobe

    Posterior/Anterior Pituitary
    Neurohypophysis
    (posterior pituitary)

    Adenoohypophysis
    (anterior pituitary)

    -pars nervosa
    infundibular stalk
    median eminence

    -pars distalis
    pars tuberalis
    pars intermedia

    Medium
    eminence
    Pars tuberalis

    Infundibular stalk
    posterior

    Pars nervosa

    anterior

    Pars distalis
    Pars intermedia

    Anterior Pituitary: Cord-like cell arrangement

    Chromophobes appear dull/colorless. Function is uncertain - May be


    stem cells or degranulated acidophils/basophils depleted of hormone
    Stain
    Stain
    Thyrotrophs
    Somatotrophs (HGH)
    reddish-Brown
    deep blue
    Gonadotrophs
    Lactotrophs (PRL)
    (Acidophils)
    (Basophils) Corticotrophs
    Chromophobe
    Chromophobe

    Acidophils

    Acidophils
    Basophils

    Basophils

    Good example of cord-like cell pattern


    is the section of lymph node
    (This is not the anterior pituitary)

    Section from Lymph Node


    showing cords of blast cells

    Anterior Pituitary Stimulated by releasing &


    inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus
    neurosecretory cells

    Releasing &
    inhibiting hormones
    from hypothalamus

    Anterior pituitary
    hormone-secreting cells
    (acidophils & basophils)

    Hormones enter circulation

    ...
    ...
    ..
    cells

    Posterior Pituitary

    Technically not endocrine tissue - does not synthesize the hormones


    it releases. Instead, the posterior pituitary is composed of neural
    tissue and stores two hormones (ADH & OT) that are synthesized in
    the hypothalamus and transported via axons and stored in swellings
    at the terminal ends called Herring bodies. Also present are glial
    cells called pituicytes.
    Pars Nervosa

    Herring Bodies

    Pituicytes
    Glial Cells

    Posterior Pituitary - Secretion of ADH & OT

    Herring body

    Pituicytes
    (glial cells)

    2) Thyroid- Two lobes joined by a center mass (isthmus)

    Thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located inferior to the


    larynx and anterior to the trachea. Right & left lobes joined by an
    isthmus. Highly vascular.
    2 Major Hormones

    Thyroid Hormone
    (T4 & T3)

    Calcitonin

    Most of the thyroid gland is composed of microscopic


    THYROID GLAND: Cells have a follicular organization
    spherical sacs called thyroid follicles. The wall of each
    follicle consists of cells called follicular cells.
    Nearly every follicular cell
    extends to the lumen of the
    follicle and a basement
    membrane surrounds each
    follicle
    Size of the follicle and the
    shape of follicular cells vary
    according to level of activity.
    Inactive cells look more
    squamous. Cells actively
    producing hormones look more
    cuboidal to low columnar
    Colloid content is also reduced
    as follicular cells draw colloid
    into cytoplasm
    Thyroid Follicles

    Thyroid Follicles
    Simple Epithelium Layer

    Colloid

    (mostly TBG)

    Follicular Cells
    Capillaries

    Parafollicular Cells
    (C cells)

    Basement Membrane

    Thyroid Follicles
    Follicular cells
    Synthesize 2 hormones under
    the influence of TSH
    thyroxine (T4)
    aka
    tetraiodothyronine

    Parafollicular cells
    Stimulated by high
    blood levels of calcium

    (T3)
    triiodothyronine
    Calcitonin

    T4 is secreted in greater amounts than


    T3, but T3 is more bioactive. 1/3 of
    circulating T4 is converted to T3
    *When thyroid gland is actively secreting hormone, follicular cells
    appear larger (cuboidal- & columnar- shaped) and the follicles
    appear smaller and the colloid material has a ruffled border (as FCs
    draw colloid into cytoplasm).
    *When the thyroid is inactive or hypoactive, the FCs appear smaller
    (squamous-shaped) and the follicles are plump and full of colloid
    material.

    Thyroid Follicles
    Different slide same tissue type. Same distinctive structure
    Epithelial (follicular cells) cells arranged in spheres filled with colloid
    (a proteinaceous material that makes up thyroid hormone precursors)

    3) Parathyroid Glands
    Parathyroid Glands

    thyroid
    gland

    parathyroid
    glands

    Embedded within thyroid connective tissue

    Chief Cells

    2 kinds of cells

    Oxyphil Cells

    More numerous than oxyphil cells and secrete


    parathyroid hormone-PTH (aka parathormone).

    Large cells

    PTH increases blood calcium (opposes Calcitonin


    secreted by thyroid parafollicular cells).

    Strongly
    eosinophilic

    PTH secretion regulated by Ca2+ conc. and is


    independent of hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

    Function
    unknown

    Parathyroid Chief Cells & Oxyphil Cells

    The structure of the parathyroid gland is distinctly


    different from the thyroid gland. The Chief Cells that
    synthesize and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) are
    arranged in a dense cord-like pattern. Oxyphil Cells
    form in a clump or clustered pattern
    Chief Cells

    high power
    magnification

    Oxyphil Cells

    Adipocytes

    Parathyroid Gland and ???


    low power
    magnification

    Thyroid & Parathyroid


    low power
    magnification

    Thyroid Follicles
    Parathyroid gland

    4) Adrenal Gland

    Two relatively small


    flattened pyramidalshaped glands that are
    situated bilaterally in the
    retroperitoneal space, one
    superior to each kidney.
    2 structurally &
    functionally distinct
    regions

    Adrenal
    cortex

    Adrenal
    medulla

    Adrenal cortex produces 3 major groups of steroid hormones


    (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, adrenal adrogens)
    Adrenal medulla made of nervous tissue and is directly controlled by
    the sympathetic nervous system. Medullary cells release EPI & NE
    outer zone
    (ZG)
    middle zone
    (ZF)
    (connective tissue)
    inner zone
    (ZR)
    Modified
    postganglionic cells

    Medullary cells are modified postganglionic cells (no axons or dendrites) and
    are innervated by preganglionic fibers.

    Adrenal Gland Cross Section


    C
    C
    o
    r
    t
    e
    x
    M
    e
    d
    u
    l
    l
    a

    ZG reg
    by
    Ang II
    & K+
    ZF reg
    by
    ACTH
    ZR reg
    by
    ACTH
    Chromaffin
    Cells

    Mineralocorticoids
    aldosterone
    Glucocorticoids
    cortisol &
    CORT

    Adrenal
    androgens

    Epinephrine
    &
    NE

    Adrenal Gland Organization


    Approximately 90% of
    the adrenal gland
    consists of Cortex
    Medulla - about 10%

    Adrenal Gland Organization


    approx. 90%
    Cortex

    approx. 10%
    Medulla

    Zona Glomerulosa (approx 15%)


    - Secretes the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. Steroid
    hormone characterized by its influence on Na+ & H2O balance.
    - small cells
    arranged in round groups/clusters.
    - Not influenced by ACTH
    Zona Fasiculata (approx 75%)
    - Secretes the glucoocorticoid cortisol. Steroid hormone
    characterized by its influence on glucose metabolism.
    - large uniform cell cords
    separated by fenestrated sinusoid capillaries. Active cells have
    many lipid droplets Look spongy
    - Stimulated by ACTH
    Zona Reticularis (approx 10%)
    - Secretes adrenal

    androgens (weak steroid hormones)

    - Meshwork of small cells


    arranged, giving it a reticular pattern, separated by sinusoid
    spaces (venous channels). Eosinophilic.
    - Stimulated by ACTH

    -Cells are arranged


    in strands or small
    clusters with
    capillaries and
    venules in
    intervening spaces.
    - Main cell is
    Chromaffin Cell that
    has a weakly
    basophilic
    cytoplasm.
    - Secretes EPI & NE
    -Stimulated by
    preganglionic
    sympathetic fibers

    Reticular Fibers of Reticular Connective Tissue

    Subdivisions of Adrenal Gland

    Subdivisions of Adrenal Gland


    Capsule
    Zona glomerulosa

    Zona fasiculata

    Zona reticularis
    medulla

    Subdivisions of Adrenal Gland

    Subdivisions of Adrenal Gland

    ZG
    ZF

    ZR

    Adrenal Cortex Zona glomerulosa

    (resembles renal glomeruli)

    Adrenal Cortex
    Zona fasiculata

    Zona reticularis

    Adrenal Medulla

    Adrenal Medulla

    5) Endocrine Pancreas

    Pancreas is made up of two distinctly different tissues. Its a flattened


    organ located in the curve of the duodenum (first part of the small
    intestine). The majority of the pancreas is exocrine tissue comprised
    of cell clusters (called acini) with associated ducts that deliver
    alkaline fluid loaded with digestive enzymes to the small intestine.
    Scattered throughout the exocrine tissue are nearly a million clusters
    (called islets) of endocrine cells which produce mainly insulin and
    glucagon, plus a few other hormones
    3 islets are shown
    Islets of Langerhans
    embedded among
    exocrine tissue
    Each islet is
    composed of 5
    different hormoneproducing cells

    Pancreatic Islet and Surrounding Acini


    Alpha & Beta Cells tend to
    appear in tightly packed clusters

    Pancreatic Islet

    Hormones of the Endocrine Pancreas


    Pancreatic Islet
    connective tissue
    exocrine
    acini

    exocrine
    acini

    alpha cells
    stained red
    (glucagon)

    5 Cell Types

    1) Beta Cells Most numerous


    cell type (approx. 70-80%)
    Typically localized toward
    the center of the islet
    Cosecretes insulin & amylin
    (100:1)
    2) Alpha Cells comprise about
    15-20% of pancreatic
    endocrine cells
    Generally located near the
    periphery of the islet and
    surround beta cells

    beta cells
    stained pale
    blue (insulin
    & amylin)

    Secretes glucagon
    exocrine
    acini

    3) Delta Cells somatostatin


    4) F Cells pancreatic peptide
    5) Epsilon Cells - ghrelin

    Beta Cells of the Pancreas

    Macroscopic View
    Tail of Pancreas w/spleen

    Carcinoma of Pancreas
    1 - Infiltrating mass (grayish-white)
    2 - Spleen

    Normal Pancreatic Islets


    Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining
    Immunohistochemical staining to
    demonstrate beta cells (producing
    insulin)

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