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Integration

This document summarizes key concepts about antiderivatives from Chapter 7 of an unknown textbook. It discusses: - Antiderivatives are functions whose derivatives are a given function. They allow finding the total amount of a quantity when only the rate of change is known. - Common rules for finding antiderivatives include the power rule, constant multiple and sum rules, and rules for exponential and logarithmic functions. - Substitution can be used when other techniques fail, by letting u=f(x) and using du=f’(x)dx to rewrite the integral in terms of u. - Applications include finding cost and demand functions given the marginal cost and revenue equations.

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43 views23 pages

Integration

This document summarizes key concepts about antiderivatives from Chapter 7 of an unknown textbook. It discusses: - Antiderivatives are functions whose derivatives are a given function. They allow finding the total amount of a quantity when only the rate of change is known. - Common rules for finding antiderivatives include the power rule, constant multiple and sum rules, and rules for exponential and logarithmic functions. - Substitution can be used when other techniques fail, by letting u=f(x) and using du=f’(x)dx to rewrite the integral in terms of u. - Applications include finding cost and demand functions given the marginal cost and revenue equations.

Uploaded by

nikowawa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 7: Integration

JMerrill, 2009

7.1 - Antiderivatives
We have been solving situations dealing
with total amounts of quantities
Derivatives deal with the rate of change of
those quantities
Since its not always possible to find
functions that deal with the total amount,
we need to be able to find the rate of
change of a given quantity
Antidifferentiation is needed in this case

7.1 - Antiderivatives

If F(x) = 10x, then F(x) = 10. F(x) is the


antiderivative of f(x) = 10
If F(x) = x2, F(x) = 2x. F(x) is the
antiderivative of f(x) = 2x

7.1 - Antiderivatives
The

family of all antiderivaties of f is


indicated by

Integral sign

f(x)dx

Integrand

This is called the


indefinite integral and
is the most general
antiderivative of f

7.1 - Antiderivatives

Rules for Antiderivatives

Power Rule:

n 1
x
n
x
dx n 1 C
for any real number n 1

You can
always check
your answers
by taking the
derivative!

(add 1 to the exponent and divide by that number )

Ex:

31
4
t
t
3
t dt 3 1 4 C

1
1
t
1
2
C
C
Ex: 2 dt t dt
t
1
t

You Do
1.

2.

u du

dx

3
2

2
u C
3

x C

Rules for Finding Antiderivatives


Constant

Multiple and
Sum/Difference:

k f (x )dx

k f (x )dx

for any real number k

f (x ) g (x ) dx f (x ) g (x )dx

Examples
3
2
v
dv
4
4

v
v
2v 3dv 2 C
C
2
4

You

do:

12
z 5 dz

3z

4z 5 dz

3
C
4
z
z 3 2z 2 5z C

Example
x2 1
x

x2

1
2

x2
1

dx
x
x

First, rewrite the


integrand

1
1
23

2
1 dx x x dx

x 2

Now that we have


rewritten the integral,
we can find the
antiderivative

5
2

1
2

2
x
x

C x
5
1
5
2
2

5
2

1
2

2x C

Recall
Previous
If
If
If
If

f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)

This

=
=
=
=

learning:
ex then f(x) = ex
ax then f(x) = (ln a)ax
ekx then f(x) = kekx
akx then f(x) = k(ln a)akx

leads to the following formulas:

Indefinite Integrals of Exponential


Functions
x
x
e
dx

e
C

e kx
e dx k C , k 0
ax
x
a dx ln a C
kx
a
kx
a
dx k (ln a ) C , k 0
kx

This comes from the chart on P. 434

Examples
9
e
dt

9
e
dt

9
e

e
e dt 9 C
9t

5
u
4

9t

5
5
u
e
12 4u
4
4
3e du 3 5 C 3 5 e C 5 e C

4
5
u
4

You Do

5 x

dx

25x

C
5(ln2)

Indefinite Integral of x

-1

1
x dx x dx ln x C
1

Note:

if x takes on a negative value,


then lnx will be undefined. The
absolute value sign keeps that from
happening.

Example
4
1
x dx 4 x dx 4ln x C
You Do:
5
2x

e
dx
x

1 2x
5ln x e
C
2

Application - Cost
Suppose

a publishing company has


found that the marginal cost at a
level of production of of x thousand
50
books is given by C '(x )
and that
x
the fixed cost
(before any book is published) is
$25,000. Find the cost function.

Solution
50
C '(x )
x

1
2

C '(x ) 50x

First, rewrite the


function.

1
2

1
2

x
50x dx 50 x dx 50 K
1

1
2

1
2

50 2x k 100x k

1
2

C x 100x k
25, 000 100(0) k
25, 000 k

1
2

Before any books


are produced the
fixed cost is
$25,000so
C(0)=25,000
1
2

C (x ) 100x 25, 000

Application - Demand
Suppose

the marginal revenue from


a product is given by 400e-0.1q + 8.
a) Find the revenue function.
R(q) = 400e-0.1q + 8
Set R and q = 0 to
R(q)

solve for C.

(400e 0.1q 8)dq

0 4000e 0.1(0) 8(0) C

e 0.1q
400
8q C
0.1

4000 C

4000e 0.1q 8q C
R(q)

= 400e-0.1q + 8q + 4000

Application - Demand
B)

Find the demand function.


Recall that R = qp where p is the
demand function
R = qp
400e-0.1q + 8q + 4000 = qp
400e-0.1q + 8q + 4000 = p
q

7.2 - Substitution
In finding the antiderivative for some
functions, many techniques fail
Substitution can sometimes remedy this
problem
Substitution depends on the idea of a
differential.
If u = f(x), then the differential of u,
written du, is defined as du = f(x)dx
Example: If u=2x3 + 1, then du=6x2 dx

Example

looks like the chain rule


and product rule.

2x 1

6x2dx

But

using differentials and


substitution well find the
antiderivative
du
u

2x

6x dx

2x

= u4du

6x2dx

Example Cont
Now

use the power rule

Substitute

2x

u5
u du
C
5
4

(2x3 + 1) back in for u:

2x

6x dx
2

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