Histologi

Sistem Digestoria
SN Nurul Makiyah

LO

Students understand component of GI tract &

digestive glands
Students understand histology of component
of GI tract & digestive glands
Students understand the function of
component of GI tract & digestive glands

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

1.

2.

A hollow tube that passes through the body from

oral cavity to anus
GI tube has two types of lining =
Stratified squamous epithelium protection at the
two ends and through some of the frictional
passageways (oral cavity, esophagus and anus)
Simple columnar epithelium modified into glands
for different functions in the stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine.

The external muscle also varies along

the length of the tube :
1.

2.

Skeletal muscle at the two ends (oral cavity,

tongue, pharynx, and upper parts of the
esophagus, returning at the anus)
Smooth muscle throughout most of the GI
tract (lower part of the esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, and large intestine)

The GI Tract protects itself

in two major ways
1.

2.

Production of large amounts of mucus to

assist in lubrication and reduction in friction
Rapid turnover of epithelial lining cells in the
most harsh environments like the stomach
and small intestine

Gastrointestinal Tract
Oral Cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine

Oral Cavity

Lip
Teeth
Tongue : Lingua

Lip
1 Skin, pars cutanea
2 Mucous membrane, pars
mucosa
3 Vermilion border
4 Marginal part of
orbicularis oris muscle
5 Labial gland
Stain: hematoxylin-eosin;
magnification: 15

Lips : internal aspect, vermilion zone

& external aspect

Multiple Stages in Tooth Development

three major ones actually

initiation stage 6th to 7th week

bud stage 8th week
cap stage 9th to 10th weeks
bell stage 11th to 12th weeks
apposition stage vaires per tooth
maturation stage varies per tooth

Odontogenesis

Initiation Stage

Ameloblast
ectoderm oral epithel
oral
Odontodlast neural
crest ectoderm sel
mesenkimal

Bud Stage

Cap Stage & Bell Stage

Bell Stage

Tooth

The calcified tissues of

the teeth include
enamel, dentin and
cementum
The soft tissues of the
tooth include the pulp,
periodontal ligement
and gingiva

Tongue

1.
2.
3.
4.

A mass of skeletal muscle covered by a stratified

squamous epithelium containing elevated
specialization called papillae.
4 types of papillae :
Filiform (conical shaped) no taste buds
Fungiform (mushroom shaped) rudimentary
Foliate (leaflike folds)
Circumvallate (large, circular, sorounded by a moat)

Tongue

Lingua observed with SEM

1 Filiform papillae
(thread-like)
2 Vallate papillae (round,
knob-like)
3 Circular wall
4 Moat-like groove, moat
or furrow
Scanning electron
microscopy;
magnification: 4 .5

Papilla Filliformis+Papilla Fungiformis

Circumvallate Papilla

Gemma gustatoria

4 layers of the digestive tube

Mucosa, consists of 3 layers :
a. epithelium
b. lamina propria
c. muscularis mucosa
2. Submucosa : dense irreg connect. tissue
3. Muscularis :inner circular, outer longitudinal layers
with ganglionic (Auerbachs or myentericus) plexus
between the two layers
4. Serosa (adventitia): dense irreg connect tissue
1.

Esophagus

Stratified squamous
epithelium;
nonkeratinized
Skeletal muscle in
muscular is externa
(upper 1/3); smooth
muscle (lower 1/3)

Esophagus serve several

important functions :
1. Digestion initiated in
the mouth continued in
the esophagus
2. Mucus is added to the
food bolus to facilitate
swallowing at the
superior end and
protection of the wall
against reflux of
gastric acid at the
inferior end of the
esophagus

Stomach

Consists of four regions : cardia, fundus, corpus &

pylorus.
Cardiac mostly mucous glands
Fundus & corpus gastric glands with the majority
of cell types involved in gastric function
Pylorus predominantly mucous glands with
hormone secreting enteroendocrine cells
Esophagogastric (cardiac) sphincter guards the
entrance to the stomach
Stronger pyloric sphincter regulates outflow to the
small intestine.

Stomach

Fundus ventrikulus
1. Mucosa, consists of 3 layers
a. epithelium
b. lamina propria
c. muscularis mucosa
2. Submucosa : dense irreg connect.
tissue
3. Muscularis :inner circular, outer
longitudinal layers with
ganglionic (Auerbachs or
myentericus) plexus between
the two layers
4. Serosa (adventitia): dense irreg
connect tissue

Stomach: corpus and fundus

Rugae: shallow pits; deep glands

Mucous (surface & neck) cells : secrete mucus. Form
protective layer against acid. Tight junctions
between these cells probably contributes to the acid
barrier of the epithelium.
Chief cells : secrete pepsinogen and lipase precursor.
Parietal cells : secrete HCl and intrinsic factor.
Enteroendocrine (EE) cells : secrete a variety of
peptide hormones & serotonin, small cells with
secretory vesicles polarized toward basal surface in
close proximity to blood vessels.

Parietal cell

Large, pyramidal shape,

eosinophilic staining
Produce HCl & gastric intrinsic factor (essential for the
absorption of vit B12 from
ileum). B12+GIFeryt devlp
Posseses receptors for
histamine, acetylcholine,
gastrin on its basal surface.
Binding secretagogue to
receptor transport
membrane to form microvilli
& acid production
Like osteoclast of bone,
generates H+ from carbonic
acid

Stomach : pylorus

Deep pits; shallow; branched glands

Mucous cells : Same as above
Parietal cells :Same as above
EE cells : High concentration of gastrin.

ESOPHAGOGASTRIC
(CARDIA) JUNCTION
Es : esophagus
EG : esophageal glands
SE : stratified squamous
epithelium
Sm : submucosa
Se : serosae
CE : columnar epithelium
CS : cardiac stomach

Small intestine

Consists of 3 segments : duedonum, jejunum & ileum

Epithelium maximizes surface area at the macroscopic,
microscopic & ultrastructural level plicae, villi, crypts &
microvilli directly related to its absorptive function
Columnar absorptive cells
Microvilli greatly increase the luminal surface area,
facilitating absorption covered with glycoprotein &
glycolipid coat called glycocalix array brush border
enzymes (disaccharides : maltase, sucrase, isomaltase,
lactase, small amount of lipase & peptidases) produced by
epithelial cells.
Microvilli supported by a core of actin microfilament
support for villi rhytmic contractions

DIGESTION

(1)
(2)

The small intestinal enterocyte absorb

monoglycerides and glycerol from fat
digestion, peptides from protein digestion,
and monosaccharides from carbohydrate
breakdown.
Digestion of lipids is problematic because of
their lack of solubility. The small intes-tine
solves this problem by :
emulsification, formation of small lipid
droplets in an aqueous lumenal fluid sea,
Solubilization of lipids to form micelles
through the action of bile acids (salts)

DIGESTION

Fats must be broken down to the level of

monoglycerides and glycerols in order to be
absorbed by enterocytes in the small bowel
Synthesis of protein in the RER and triglycerides in
the SER are critical to the absorption of lipid
breakdown products
In contrast to lipid absorption that is transmitted
through the lacteals, carbohydrate and protein
products are transported to the liver by way of the
hepatic portal system.

PylorusDuodenum

DUODENUM
L : lumen
V : villus
GC : goblet cell
CL : crypte Lieberkuhn
BV : blood vessel
SA : surface absorptive cells
CT : connective tissue
MM : muscularis mucosae
GB : glands of Brunner
D : ducts

Duodenum

Brunners glands, which secrete an alkaline secretion

Goblet cells : secrete acid glycoproteins (mucins)
that protect mucosal lining.
Paneth cells : contains granules that contain
lysozyme. May play a role in digests bacteria &
regulating intestinal bacterial flora.
EE cells : high concentration of cells that secrete
cholecystokinin and secretin.

DUEDONUM

DUODENUM

SMALL INTESTINE : JEJUNUM

Villi, well-developed
plica, crypts
Same cell types as
found in the duodenal
epithelium
Same as above.

ILEUM

Small intestine : ileum

Aggregations of lymph nodules called Peyers
patches
Mucous cells, found over lymphatic nodules
and Peyers patches
Endocytose and transport antigen from
the lumen to lymphoid cells.

Large intestine

Consists of the cecum & appendix, ascending,

transverse & descending colon, and rectum
Lacks villi, has crypts mainly mucus secreting
and absorptive cells
Transports Na+ (actively) and water
(passively) out of lumen.
Resorbs water and provides lubrication

The functions of the large intestine

1.

2.
3.
4.

Secretion of mucus for lubrication goblet

cell predominant
Absorption of fluid
Formation of the fecal mass
Continuation of digestion initiated in small
intestine & than added by putrefying
bacteria.

Colon
L : lumen
EP : epithelium
GC : goblet cell
CL :crypt Lieberkuhn
MM : muscularis mucosae
IC :inner circulair
OL : outer longitudinal
SM :submucosa
FC : fat cell
BV : blood vessel

Appendix Vermiformes
Mucosa with crypts
2. Lymph follicles with
germinal centers
3. Tela submucosa
4. Tunica muscularis
Stain: hematoxylin-eosin;
magnification: 3
1.

Anorectal junction
CE : columnare epithelium
AC : anal canal
SE : stratified squamous
epithelium
CL : crypt Lieberkuhn
LC : lymphoid cell
LP : lamina propria

Digestive Glands

Salivary Glands (Palatine, Parotid,

Sublingual, Submandibular)
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

Palatine Gland

Acinus
mucous cell
Pyramide cell
Flatened nucleus in
basal
Transparant
cytoplasmic

Parotid Gland
T : trabecula
CT : connective tissue
BV : blood vessel
ID : intralobular duct
Ac : acinus

Parotid Gland

Acinus
Serous cell
Pyramide cell
Rounded nucleus in
basal
Cytoplasm is finely
granulated

Submandibular Gland

A mixed (seromucous) gland; for the most part,however, it is

a serous gland.
Some of the terminal portions are acini, others are mucous
tubules with serous demilunes, which remind of half moons or
lunar sickles (Ebners or Giannuzzis demilunes).
As observed for the parotid glands, the serous secretory cells
can be stained with acidophilic dyes. The round cell nuclei are
located in thebasal cell region.
The tubular cells from purely mucous glands are distinct
because they are stained lighter than the serous cells. The flat
nuclei of mucous gland cells appear dense and reside in the
basal or basolateral cell regions

Submandibular Gland

Submandibular and sublingual glands are of

endodermal origin
Comparison of the Major Salivary Glands
Parotid gland is of ectodermal origin
Gland Acinar
Parotid

Cell Type (histologic

appearance)
Serous (high amylase
activity)

Innervation
Glossopharyngeal
(IX)

Submandibular Serous and mucous;

mainly serous

Facial (VII)

Sublingual

Facial (VII)

Mucous and serous;

mainly mucous

Liver

The structural unit of the liver is the about 1.52mm long and 1
1.2mmwide lobule (about 22.4mm2).
In cross-sections, lobules appear as polygonal areas. The liver
surface is often compared to a honeycomb.
The central vein runs through the center of the lobule. Hepatocytes
assemble to long strips of tissue (liver plates), which radiate from
the periphery toward the central vein of the lobule.
Liver capillaries meander between the liver plates (liver sinusoids,
vasa sinusoidea). This ascertains that liver cells are exposed to an
arterial blood supply from at least two sides.
The liver lobules are surrounded by connective tissue fibers
(stained blue). The connective tissue at the triangular points
between several lobules forms a capsule (Glisson capsule, Glisson
triad).
The interlobular connective tissue is connected to the fibers of the
hepatobiliary capsule. Branches of the portal vein, the hepatic
artery and the interlobular bile ductules are regularly found in the
Glisson triads

LIVER

Liver

Largest gland of body

Liver parenchyma Divided into small
lobules shaped like polygonal cylinders
Hepatocytes arranged in rows "hepatic
cords"
Sinusoids--receive oxygenated blood from
hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from
portal vein Kupffer cells, Lipocytes
Biliary system

Hepatocytes

Abundant stores of glycogen and many mitochondria

Produce proteins for export (albumin,
prothrombin,fibrinogen)
Secrete bile
Store lipids and carbohydrates
Convert lipids and amino acids into glucose via
gluconeogenesis
Detoxify and inactivate drugs by
oxidation,methylation, and conjugation

Sinusoids

Receive oxygenated blood from hepatic artery

and deoxygenated blood from portal vein
Kupffer cells--phagocytize RBC
Lipocytes--lie in perisinusoidal space

Vesica fellea

A web of connective tissue cords raises

mucosa folds of different heights and irregular
shapes.
A single-layered columnar epithelium covers
the mucosa, including the folds.
At this magnification, the epithelial surface
relief and the brush border are just visible.

Vesica fellea

Biliary System

Bile flows from Bile canaliculi (small

channels) Hering's canals Hepatic ducts
common hepatic duct joins with cystic
duct (from gallbladder) common bile duct
Blood flow from periphery to central vein
while bile flow is opposite from center out
peripherally

Bile duct

The common bile duct (ductus

choledochus) has a diameter of about
0.5cm.
It has thick walls and is lined by a singlelayered columnar epithelium, which
secrete mucins and resorb water and salt.
A thick connective tissue layer with
strong collagen fiber bundles, copious
elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells
underlies the loose subepithelial
connective tissue.
There is no continuous, closed muscle
layer, except at the duodenal end,
immediately before the common bile duct
reaches the duodenum.
Branched or unbranched tubular biliary
glands are found in the loosely arranged
outer wall layers.
The glands secrete mucins into the lumen
of the bile duct. Mucin probably provides
a protective epithelial film and is added
to the bile.

Pancreas

Exocrine portion consists of parenchymal cells

arranged in acini and are protein
secreting
Acini contain pancreatic enzymes that cleave:
Proteins (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase,
elastase)
Carbohydrates (amylase)
Lipids (lipase, lecithinase)
Nucleic acids (ribonuclease,deoxyribonuclease)
Acini contain much RER and stain basophilic

Pancreas