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Chapter 7. Application of Thermodynamics To Flow Processes

This document discusses thermodynamic concepts related to duct flow of compressible fluids and their application to flow processes. It covers the energy balance and mass continuity equations for steady, one-dimensional duct flow. Key thermodynamic relations involving changes in enthalpy, entropy, pressure and volume are derived. These relations are then applied to analyze subsonic and supersonic pipe flow, converging-diverging nozzles, throttling processes, turbines, and compressors. Turbine and compressor efficiencies are defined relative to the maximum isentropic work. The Joule-Thomson coefficient describing temperature changes during throttling of real gases is also introduced.

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April Rianto Baktiar
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293 views27 pages

Chapter 7. Application of Thermodynamics To Flow Processes

This document discusses thermodynamic concepts related to duct flow of compressible fluids and their application to flow processes. It covers the energy balance and mass continuity equations for steady, one-dimensional duct flow. Key thermodynamic relations involving changes in enthalpy, entropy, pressure and volume are derived. These relations are then applied to analyze subsonic and supersonic pipe flow, converging-diverging nozzles, throttling processes, turbines, and compressors. Turbine and compressor efficiencies are defined relative to the maximum isentropic work. The Joule-Thomson coefficient describing temperature changes during throttling of real gases is also introduced.

Uploaded by

April Rianto Baktiar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 7.

Application of
Thermodynamics to Flow Processes

7.1 Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids (1)

Adiabatic, steady state, one-dimensional flow of


compressible fluid
No shaft work and no change in potential energy
Energy Balance Equation 1st law
0
0
0
Steady state 0
d (mU ) CV

1 2

H u zg m
dt
2

1 2
H u
2

dH udu

Q W
fs

Changes in enthalpy
directly go to
changes in velocity

7.1 Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids (2)

Mass balance equation Continuity Equation


0

dmcv
m fs 0
dt

uA
d (m ) d ( ) 0
V

dV du dA

0
V
u
A

7.1 Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids (3)

Thermodynamic Relations

dH TdS VdP
Replace V in terms of S and P
V
V
dV
dP
dS
P s
S P
V
V T

S P T P S P
V

VT
CP

1 V (eqn 3-2)

V T P
Cp
S
(eqn 6-17)


T P T

7.1 Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids (4)

Relation from physics


2
2 P
c V

V
V
dV
dP
dS
P s
S P
dV T
V

dS 2 dP
V
CP
c

Velocity of sound in a medium


is related with pressure
derivative w.r.t volume
with const.S

7.1 Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids (5)

Variables : dH, du, dV, dA, dS, dP


Equations : four
dH udu

dV du dA

0
V
u
A
dH TdS VdP
dV T
V

dS 2 dP
V
CP
c

dS, dA : independent
Can develop equations of
other derivatives with
dS and dA

7.1 Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids (6)

(1 M 2 )VdP

u 2
u2
1
TdS dA 0

Cp
A

udu

u 2
2

M
Cp

1 M 2

TdS

dA 0

1 M

M : Mach number = u/c

7.1 Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids (7)

2
2

dP

u
dS
u
dA
T
(1 M 2 )V
1

dx
C p dx A dx

u 2
2

M
du C p
1 dA
dS
u

2
2

dx
1 M
dx 1 M dx

According to second law, (dS/dx) >= 0

Pipe Flow

Pipe Flow : constant cross

u 2
1

C p dS
dP
T

dx
V (1 M 2 ) dx

u 2
2

M
du
Cp
dS
u
T
dx
1 M 2 dx

sectional area (dA/dx=0)


Subsonic flow :
(1 M 2 ) 0
Implies :
dP
0 Pressure drops
in the direction of flow
dx
du
0 Velocity increases
in the direction of flow
dx

Pipe flow

The velocity does not increase indefinitely.


If the velocity exceeds the sonic value,
dP
0
dx

du
0
dx

Supersonic flow
Shock wave and turbulence
Unstable flow

Nozzles

Flow within a pipe or a duct (variable cross-sectional


area)
Assume isentropic flow reversible flow
dP u 2
1

2
dx VA 1 M
du
u
1

2
dx
A 1 M

dA
dx
dA
dx

Nozzles

Converging

Diverging

Subsonic (M<1)

Supersonic(M>1)

Converging

Diverging

Converging

Diverging

dA/dx

dP/dx

du/dx

Converging Nozzle

Pressure

Maximum obtainable velocity = speed of sound


Increase in velocity requires increase in cross-sectional area in
diverging section
Converging nozzle can be used to deliver constant flow into a
region of variable pressure
P1 P2
As p2 decreases, velocity increases and maximum value at sonic
velocity.
Further decrease in p2 has no effect on velocity.

Velocity

Converging / Diverging Nozzle

Speed of sound is attained at the throat of


converging/diverging nozzle only when the pressure at
the throat is low enough that critical value of P2/P1
is reached.

See figure 7.1

Value of critial pressure ratio

dH udu
dH TdS VdP

udu VdP

dS=0 Adiabatic ,

PV const P1V1
PV
V

1 1

P2
2P1V1
2
2

1
u 2 u1 2 VdP
1
P1
P1

P2

1/

( 1) /

Value of critical pressure ratio

P2
2P1V1
2
2

1
u 2 u1 2 VdP
1
P1
P1

P2

( 1) /

Critical value u=c


2
2
2 P
u 2 c V

V
P
P


V
V S

u 22 P2V2

u1 0
S

u22 P2V2
P2 2

P1 1

Throttling Process

Throttling Process : Orifice , Partly closed valve,


porous plug,
Primary result : pressure drop
H 0, H 2 H1

For ideal gases, H=H(T) and no change in T


For real gases, slight change in T

Example 7.5 Joule-Thompson Coefficient

Temperature change resulting from a throttling a real


gas.
Joule-Thompson coefficient
T

Joule/Thomson Coefficient and other


properties

P
T

T H

H P P

1

CP

P P

J-T coeff. comes from the


pressure dependence of H

Joule/Thomson Coeff. from PVT relation

P
H

V
V T

RT 2 Z

P T

RT 2 Z

C P P T

With Cp and PVT


relation , any
property can be
predicted.

7.2 Turbines (Expanders)

Expansion of gas Production of Work


Internal Energy Kinetic Energy Work
1
Ws

Turbines (Expanders)

Heat effects are negligible, Inlet and outlet velocity


changes are small
W s m H m ( H 2 H1 )
Ws H ( H 2 H1 )
Normally T1, P1 and P2 are given
Maximum work : isentropic process (adiabatic
process)
Ws (isentropic ) (H ) S

Turbines (Expanders)

Turbine Efficiency

Ws
Ws (isentropic )

(H ) S

Turbine efficiency of properly designed turbine : 0.7 to


0.8

Turbines (Expanders)

Adiabatic expansion process in a turbine or expander

P1

(H ) S

P2
S

7.4 Compression Processes

Compression Devices : Rotating blades, Reciprocating


pistions
2
Ws

Compressors

Compressor efficiency : 0.7 to 0.8


Ws (isentropic )

Ws
(H ) S

Compressors

Adiabatic compression process

P1

(H ) S

P2
S

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