Electronic Circuits and Systems: Two-Port Networks

Electronic Circuits
and Systems
Two-port Networks
KEW Sept 2004
Two-Port Analysis
The characterisation of circuits which may be

considered to have an input and an output port
I2
I1
V1
Port
1
Linear
Cct
I1
Port
V2
I2
eg. transistor
Current into a port = Current out of a port
KEW Sept 2004
Given V1, V2, I1 & I2
It is possible to relate any two of these quantities

to the remaining two in six possible ways
We are going to look at three of these:

1.
2.
3.
Admittance or y parameters
Two-port impedance or z parameters
Two-port Transmission, Chain, ABCD or a parameters
KEW Sept 2004
Admittance or Y parameters
If we consider applying voltages V1, and V2 to the

Ports, then:
I1 y11V1 y12V2
I 2 y21V1 y22V2
i.e.
I1 y11
I y
2 21
y12 V1
y22 V2
2-port admittance matrix

KEW Sept 2004
Y-Parameters
y11
I1
V1
I1
y12
V2
y21
I2
V1
I2
y22
V2
V2 0 Short-circuit input admittance

V1 0
V2 0
V1 0
Short-circuit reverse transfer admittance

Short-circuit forward transfer admittance
Short-circuit output admittance
KEW Sept 2004
YParameters Example
I1
V1
I2
V2
I1
y11
V1
y12
So 2 port admittance parameters

are:
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
I1
V2
I2
y21
V1
y22
I2
V2
V2 0
V1 0
V2 0
V1 0
KEW Sept 2004
=Y
= -Y
= -Y
=Y
Two Port Impedance (z)

Parameters
Consider applying currents I1 and I2 to the 2 port

model
V1 z11 I1 z12 I 2
V2 z 21 I1 z 22 I 2
Hence: V
1
z11
V z
2 21
z12
z 22
I1
I
2
KEW Sept 2004
Z - parameters
z11
is the impedance seen looking into port 1 when port

2 is open
z12
is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of the voltage

at port 1 to the current at port 2 when port 1 is open
z21
is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of the voltage

at port 2 to the current at port 1 when port 2 is open
z22
is the impedance seen looking into port 2 when port

1 is open
KEW Sept 2004
Z-parameters example
I1
Show that:
I2
V1
V1
z11
I1
Z
Z
Z
V1
I2
I1 0
V2
z 21
I1
I2 0
V2
I2
I1 0
z12
V2
Z
Z
z 22
Note:
I2 0
Admittance parameters dont exist for this circuit

In general, not all parameters exist for all circuits
KEW Sept 2004
Z-parameter example
I1
I2
10
+
V
+
1
20
20
Z11 = 8 + 20||30 = 20
Z22 = 20||30 = 12
V
z 1
12 I
2
I 0
1
V1
20 xI 2 x 20
8 xI 2
20 30
z 12
8 xI 2
8 = z 21
I2
V1 20 8 I 1
V 8 12 I
2
2
KEW Sept 2004
10
Z-parameter example
Modifying cct to add voltage source and load resistor

I1
6
+
10 v
_
I2
10
+
V
+
1
20
20
V1 = 10 - 6I1
V2 = - 4I2
KEW Sept 2004
11
Z-parameter example
Original equations:
V1 20 8 I 1
V 8 12 I
2
2
V1 = 10 - 6I1
V2 = - 4I2
Thus:
10 6I1 = 20I1 + 8I2
-4I2 = 8I1 + 12I2
KEW Sept 2004
12
Rearranging the equation gives:
I1
I
2
I1
I2
26
16
10
0
0.4545
-0.2273
KEW Sept 2004
13
Relationship between z & y

parameters..
Z Y 1 Inverse matrices
z11
z
21
z12
z 22
Y
y22
y
21
y12
y11
So, we can go from one measurement system to the other

using maths
KEW Sept 2004
14
Applications of 2 ports
Suppose we know the [Y] parameters for a cct. What

is the o/c voltage gain ?
I 2 y21V1 y22V2 0
for o/c conditions
y21
V2
V1 I 0
y
22
2
KEW Sept 2004
15
Applications of 2 ports
What is the input impedance of the network when the output

port is loaded by an impedance, ZL ?
I1
Zin
I2
V1
V2
I1 y11V1 y12V2
V
I 2 y21V1 y22V2 2
ZL
1
y21V1
V2 y22
ZL
y21Z L
V2
.V1
1 Z L y22
ZL
V2 I 2 Z L
y12 y21Z LV1

1 Z L y22
y11 Z L ( y11 y22 y12 y21 )
.V1
1 Z L y22
I1 y11V1
I1
V1 1 Z L y22
Z in
I1 y11 Z L Y
KEW Sept 2004
16
Two-port parameter
conversion table
KEW Sept 2004
17
To go from one set of parameters to another, locate the set of

parameters
you are in, move along the vertical until you are in the row
that contains
the parameters you want to convert to then compare
z 22
element for element
y11
KEW Sept 2004
18
Y parameter example
Given the following network:

I1
+
V
_
I2
1
s
V
_
(a) Find the Y parameters for the network.

(b) From the Y parameters find the z parameters
KEW Sept 2004
19
Y parameter example
I
y 1
11 V
1
I1 = y11V1 + y12V2
I2 = y21V1 + y22V2
I1
+
V
I2
V
_
To find y11
V1 I 1 (
V 0
2
I
2
22 V
2
V 0
1
short
I
2
21 V
1
V 0
1
1
s
V 0
2
I
y 1
12 V
2
s ) I 2
1
21 s
2 s 1
so
We use the above equations to

evaluate the parameters from the
network.
I
y 1
=
s + 0.5
11 V
V
0
1
2
KEW Sept 2004
20
Y-Parameters
Path of I2
I
y 2
21 V
1
V 0
2
I1
+
V
1
s
V
_
Hence:
V1 2I 2
I2
I
y 2
21 V
1
Siemens
= -0.5 S
KEW Sept 2004
21
Y Parameter example
I1
To find y12 and y22 we reverse

things and short V1
I
y 1
12 V
2
short
+
V
I2
1
s
V
_
V 0
1
We have
V2 2I1
I
y 1 = -0.5 Siemens
12 V 2
I
y 2
22 V
2
V 0
1
We have
2s
V2 I 2
( s 2)
KEW Sept 2004
1
y22 0.5
s
22
Y parameter example
Summary:
y11
y
21
y12
0.5
s 0. 5
y22
0
.
5
0
.
5
1
s
Now suppose you want the Z parameters for the same network.
KEW Sept 2004
23
Going From Y to Z Parameters

For the Y parameters we have:
For the Z parameters we have:
V Z I
I Y V
V Y 1 I Z I
From above;
Therefore
Z Y
11
21
z
12
z
22
22
Y
y
21
y
12
y
11

Y
KEW Sept 2004
where
Y det Y
24
A - Parameters
I1
I2
V1
V2
By definition:
V1 a11
I a
1 21
a12
a22
V2
I
2
KEW Sept 2004
(N.B. I2 by convention)
25
A-Parameters
V1
a11
V2
a12
V1
I2
I2 0
Reciprocal o/c voltage transfer ratio (i.e.

open cct. the o/p and measure V1/V2)
V2 0 s/c forward transfer impedance
I1
a21
V2
I2 0
o/c forward transfer admittance
I1
I2
V2 0
Reciprocal s/c current transfer ratio
a22
Note: for reciprocal ccts A a11a22 a12 a21 1

KEW Sept 2004
26
A-Parameters Examples
Z
1 Z
A
0
1
1 0
A
Y
1
KEW Sept 2004
Z
Y
1 ZY
A
Y
Z
1
27
A-parameter example
I1
V1
V
a11 1
V2
V
a12 1
I2
I2 0
V2 0
I1
a21
V2
I2 0
I1
I2
V2 0
a22
I2
V2
rbe
gmV1
0
V1
1
g mV1
gm
0
V1
r
1
1
be
g mV1
g m rbe
KEW Sept 2004
1
0
gm
A
0 1
28
Two-port networks in series

I1
V1a
V1
I2
Za
I1
V1b
V2a
I2
Zb
V2
V2b
Z Z a Zb
The Z parameters of a series or cascode connection are given by the SUM

of constituent parameters.
Tables can be used, if necessary, to convert parameters from one
representation to another
KEW Sept 2004
29
Two-port networks in parallel

I1a
I1b
I2a
Ya
I2b
V1
V2
Yb
I1 I1a I1b
V1
V1
Y
.
Y
.
a
b

I
I
I
V
V
2 2 a 2b
2
2
I1
V1
.
a
b

I
2
V2
Composite parameter set
The admittance parameters of a composite circuit obtained by connecting 2

ports in parallel are given by the sum of the constituent parameters. Use
tables to convert if necessary
KEW Sept 2004
30

Electronic Circuits and Systems: Two-Port Networks

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Electronic Circuits

KEW Sept 2004

The characterisation of circuits which may be

Current into a port = Current out of a port

KEW Sept 2004

Given V1, V2, I1 & I2

It is possible to relate any two of these quantities

We are going to look at three of these:

KEW Sept 2004

If we consider applying voltages V1, and V2 to the

2-port admittance matrix

V2 0 Short-circuit input admittance

Short-circuit reverse transfer admittance

KEW Sept 2004

So 2 port admittance parameters

KEW Sept 2004

Two Port Impedance (z)

Consider applying currents I1 and I2 to the 2 port

KEW Sept 2004

is the impedance seen looking into port 1 when port

is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of the voltage

is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of the voltage

is the impedance seen looking into port 2 when port

Admittance parameters dont exist for this circuit

Modifying cct to add voltage source and load resistor

Rearranging the equation gives:

KEW Sept 2004

Relationship between z & y

So, we can go from one measurement system to the other

KEW Sept 2004

Suppose we know the [Y] parameters for a cct. What

for o/c conditions

KEW Sept 2004

What is the input impedance of the network when the output

y12 y21Z LV1

KEW Sept 2004

To go from one set of parameters to another, locate the set of

KEW Sept 2004

Given the following network:

(a) Find the Y parameters for the network.

We use the above equations to

KEW Sept 2004

To find y12 and y22 we reverse

KEW Sept 2004

Going From Y to Z Parameters

For the Z parameters we have:

KEW Sept 2004

KEW Sept 2004

Reciprocal o/c voltage transfer ratio (i.e.

V2 0 s/c forward transfer impedance

o/c forward transfer admittance

Reciprocal s/c current transfer ratio

Note: for reciprocal ccts A a11a22 a12 a21 1

KEW Sept 2004

KEW Sept 2004

Two-port networks in series

The Z parameters of a series or cascode connection are given by the SUM

KEW Sept 2004