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Feedback & Oscillators: Anthony Herbland

The document discusses feedback and oscillators. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences: The document discusses principles of feedback including negative feedback, which reduces gain, and positive feedback, which causes oscillations. Examples of negative feedback circuits using op-amps and common emitter BJTs are provided. Positive feedback circuits including the Schmitt trigger and Wien bridge oscillator are also covered, with the Wien bridge oscillator analyzed to demonstrate the conditions required for oscillation.

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Jai Gaizin
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44 views41 pages

Feedback & Oscillators: Anthony Herbland

The document discusses feedback and oscillators. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences: The document discusses principles of feedback including negative feedback, which reduces gain, and positive feedback, which causes oscillations. Examples of negative feedback circuits using op-amps and common emitter BJTs are provided. Positive feedback circuits including the Schmitt trigger and Wien bridge oscillator are also covered, with the Wien bridge oscillator analyzed to demonstrate the conditions required for oscillation.

Uploaded by

Jai Gaizin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 41

Feedback &

Oscillators
Lecture 4
01/11/2004

Anthony Herbland

Course Content
Op-amps
FETs
Oscillators
A/D

& D/A converters

Lecture Content
Principles

of feedback
Examples of negative feedback

Non-inverting op-amp
Common Emitter BJT

Positive

feedback

Schmitt Trigger
Wien Bridge Oscillator

Principles of Feedback
2

types of feedback:
Negative feedback results in decreased voltage
gain
Positive feedback drives a circuit into oscillations

Principles of Feedback:
Feedback Amplifier
Vs

+
-

Vi

Vo

or

Vf

Comparison

A
A

of negative and positive feedback:

only difference is subtraction/summing point


5

Feedback Connection Types


There

are 4 ways of connecting the feedback


signals:

Voltage-series feedback
Voltage-shunt feedback
Current-series feedback
Current-shunt feedback

Feedback Connection Type:


Voltage-Series Feedback
Vo AVi

VV
f

Vo A VV
s

Vo
Vi A
Vi

Vs
o

AV

Vi Vs Vf
AV

Vf

Vo 1 A A Vs

Vo

Vf

Vo

Voltage-series feedback

Overall voltage gain with feedback:

Vo
A
Af

Vs 1 A

Conclusion: amplifier gain is


reduced by a factor 1 A

Feedback Connection Type:


Voltage-Shunt Feedback
Vo AIi

Is

IV
f

Vo A IV
s

AI

Ii I s I f
AV

Vo 1 A A Is

Overall gain with feedback:

Vo
A
Af

Is 1 A

If

Ii

Vo
A
Ii

Vo

If

Vo
Voltage-shunt feedback

Conclusion: amplifier gain is


reduced by a factor 1 A

Feedback Connection Types


(contd)

Current-series

feedback

Io
A
K

Vs 1 A
Current-series

Vi

Vf = Io

feedback

Io
A
K
Is 1 A

Vs

Io
A
Vi

Io

Vf

Io

Current-series feedback

Is

If = Io

Ii

Io

Io
A
Ii
If

Io

Current-shunt feedback

Why use negative feedback?


Higher

input impedance
More stable voltage gain
Reduced noise
More linear operation
Lower output resistance

10

Negative Feedback general


Example (voltage-series???)
Vd 250.0mV 0

Vi 1.0V 0

Subtraction Point
+

Gain Block, A = 10
Vo 2.5V 0

Negative Feedback
Vf 750.0mV 0

Feedback Block, B = 0.3

11

Principles of Feedback:
Negative Feedback
Vin

Vf

Vout = A (Vin Vf)

Vf = Vout

Vd = V i V f

Vo = A Vd

Vf = V i

Vo = A (Vi Vo) Vo (1 + A) = A Vi
Vo
A
Therefore
K

Vi

1+A

12

Principles of Feedback:
Negative Feedback Example
Vin

=1V

Vin

A = 10

= 0.3

Vout = A (Vin Vf)

Vf = Vout

Voltage-series feedback circuit


13

Principles of Feedback:

Negative voltage-series Feedback


(op-amp circuit example)

Op-Amp
Vout

Vd

Rf

Vin

Vf

R1

Feedback
Circuit

Do not assume that Vd = 0V


Only input currents = 0A
14

Negative Feedback with noninverting op-amp (contd)


Feedback

factor:

Vout AVd
Therefore

Vd Vin Vf

the overall closed loop gain (see

slide 8)

For

Vf
R1

Vout R1 +R f

A >> 1

Vout
A
Af

Vin 1+A
Vout 1
R2
Af
1
V
R
in
1
15

Example: Common Emitter BJT


(demonstration of circuit improvements with feedback)

3.3 k

Rc

56 k

10 uF Vo

10 uF

2N2222A

1k

Vi

47 uF

12 k

15 V

Rl
12 k

Re 100

16

Mid-band BJT Model with


feedback
v

i
h

ie
v

i
fe b

Rc

Rl

Re
(1 + h

)i
fe b

Negative voltage-series feedback


17

Mid-band Model :
Gain equation Derivations
Without

With

feedback (without Re)


h fe R x
A
h ie

with R x R c // R l

Re providing current-series feedback

Vo h fei b R x

and

Vi h iei b + (1+h fe )i b R e

h fe R x
h fe R x
Vo
Af

Vi
h ie + (1+h fe )R e
h ie + h fe Re

for h fe ? 1
18

Mid-band Model with feedback:


stability improvement (Contd)
h fe
h ie
A
A
Af

h
R
1+ R e fe 1 A e 1 A
h ie
Rx
R x

where

Re
Rx

1
Rx
For A ? 1 Af
; 28.3dB

Re
Therefore negative feedback increases stability by
removing dependence upon transistor parameters
19

Mid-band Model with feedback


increased input resistance
Without

With

Re, the input resistance Rin = hie

Re, the input resistance Rin


vi
R'in = h ie R e 1 h fe ; h ie h fe R e
ib

h fe
R'in h ie 1
R e R in 1 A
h ie

Therefore current-series feedback increases input


resistance

20

Mid-band Model with feedback


Output resistance.
Vi

= 0V

c
h
h

R'out

1+h fe I B Re ;
I Re h ie I B
IB I

Re
h ie

V
I
h fe I B
R out
I Re

for h fe ? 1

i
fe b
rout
c

ie
v

e
f
Re
(1 + h

Rc

Rl

)i
fe b

h fe
V
V
V
I
h fe I B
I
Re
I A
R out
R out
h ie
R out
V
I 1+A
R out

Therefore R'out R out 1 A


Output resistance is increased by a factor 1 A

21

Effect of Feedback Connection on


Input and Output Resistance
VoltageSeries
Rin

Rout

CurrentSeries

VoltageShunt

CurrentShunt
Rin
1 A

Rin 1 A

Rin 1 A

Rin
1 A

(increased)

(increased)

(decreased)

(decreased)

Rout
1 A

Rout 1 A

Rout
1 A

Rout 1 A

(decreased)

(increased)

(decreased)

(increased)

22

Practical circuit exhibiting


benefits of negative feedback

= 1: Voltage follower
LM318
Vin

Aol = 160000; Rin = 2M; Rout = 50

++
-

R'in ; 320G

Vout

R'out ; 310
23

Negative Feedback: Frequency


Response
Using

TINA simulation, the frequency


responses with and without feedback can be
plotted.

24

Without Feedback
Gain = 44dB

227Hz

25

With Feedback
Gain = 27dB

33Hz

26

Lecture Content
Principles

of feedback
Examples of negative feedback

Non-inverting op-amp
Common Emitter BJT

Positive

feedback

Schmitt Trigger
Wien Bridge Oscillator

27

Positive Feedback
Applications
Schmitt

Trigger

Input voltage Vin triggers the Vout every time it exceeds the
upper threshold voltage Vut and lower voltage Vlt.
R1//R2 15k0
LM318

++

-15V
Vout
+15V

Vin
100
R1 20k0

R2 56k0

Vlogic

Z1 4.7V

28

Schmitt Trigger (Contd)


R1
Vut
Vsat
R1 +R 2
T

15.00

R1
Vlt
Vsat
R1 +R 2

+Vsat

Voltage (V)

10.00

Vut

5.00

Vlt

0.00
-5.00
-10.00

-Vsat

-15.00
10.00m

30.00m
Time (s)

50.00m

29

Schmitt Trigger (Contd)


T

5.00

V lo g i c

4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
-1.00
10.00m

30.00m
Time (s)

50.00m

Use Zener diode to clamp at logic levels


30

Summary of the Effects of


Feedback (Voltage-series)
Negative
feedback

Positive
Feedback

Gain

Reduced

Increased

Bandwidth

Increased

Reduced

Stability

Increased

Reduced

Input Resistance

Increased

Reduced

Output Resistance

Reduced

Increased

Principle of duality

31

Oscillators
Most

of oscillators use positive feedback


Feedback amplifier having a closed-loop gain
A f > 1 & satisfies the phase condition
Vi = 0 +

Vf

Amplifier
AV

Vo

Feedback
circuit
32

Oscillators
No

input signal needed to start the oscillator.


Feedback voltage: Vf = (AVi)
If A = 1 & same the phase,
Therefore Vf = Vi
V
Amplifier
Vi

A
Vf

Feedback
circuit

Barkhausen criterion for oscillation

33

Wien Bridge Oscillator

Simple & stable oscillator therefore commonly used


for audio-frequency generator
Series RC network & parallel RC network
R2 24k

R1 12k
15V

15V
Vc = 5V

R 3.3k

C 47n

R 3.3k C 47nF

34

Wien Bridge Oscillator (Contd)


T

15.00

Voltage (V)

10.00
5.00
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
-15.00
5.00m

7.50m
Time (s)

10.00m
35

Wien Bridge Oscillator Analysis


Generalised

circuit
R2

R1
-

Vout

Zb

Za

36

Wien Bridge Oscillator:


Analysis
Analysis

using the s-plane (s=jw)

1 1 sRC
Za R

sC
sC

R
sC

R
Zb

1 1 sRC
R
sC

Vf
Zb
Feedback:

Vout Za Zb

R
1 sRC
1 sRC
R

sC 1 sRC

37

Wien Bridge Oscillator:


Analysis (Contd)
sRC

After

simplification:

Gain

of the non-inverting amplifier block is:

1 3sRC sRC

R2
Vout R1 +R 2
A

1
VR1
R1
The

criteria for oscillation: A = 1 + j0


38

Wien Bridge Oscillator:


Analysis (Contd)
Re-substituting

s = jw

R 2
2
1 j3wRC wRC 1 jwRC
R1

R 2
2
1 wRC + j 3wRC 1 wRC
1 j0

R1

Equating

real and imaginary parts:

1
w
RC

R2
1
3
R1
39

Wien Bridge Oscillator:


Analysis (Contd)
Thus

the design criteria are:

f OSC
For

2RC

R 2 2R1

example a 10kHz oscillator

C = 4.7 nF, thus R = 3386. Using 3k3 will give


10.26kHz.
Various combinations of R2 and R1 are available.
Practical R2 is a potentiometer due to component
tolerances and temperature drift.
40

References
Bogart

T.F., Linear Electronics, Chapter 8,


Chapter 10.
Gayakwad R.A., Op-amps and integrated
circuits, 2nd Edition, Section 4, Section 8.11
Boylestad R. & Nashelsky L., Electronic
Devices and Circuit Theory, 9th edition,
Chapter 14.

41

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