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Analog and Digital Communication Systems

This document provides an overview of analog and digital communication systems, including modulation techniques. It discusses analog modulation methods like AM and FM, as well as digital modulation techniques such as ASK, FSK, and PSK. It also covers the basic components of communication systems and the role of modems in transmitting digital data over analog networks.

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Gourav
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525 views25 pages

Analog and Digital Communication Systems

This document provides an overview of analog and digital communication systems, including modulation techniques. It discusses analog modulation methods like AM and FM, as well as digital modulation techniques such as ASK, FSK, and PSK. It also covers the basic components of communication systems and the role of modems in transmitting digital data over analog networks.

Uploaded by

Gourav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
Block diagrams, Modulation
techniques

In this lecture
Communication systems
Analog Modulation
AM
FM

Digital Modulation
ASK
FSK

Modems

Quiz 1

Announcement

Date: 16.09.2015
Syllabus: All topics covered till quiz date

Home work 1
Examine five technical points of difference between:
1.Electronics engineering and Electrical engineering.
2.Mechanical engineering and Production engineering.
3.Civil engineering and Architectural engineering.
4.Computer science engineering and Information technology engineering.
Date of submission:

18.09.2015

Communication systems

Digital

Analog

The block diagram on the top shows the blocks common to


all communication systems

Remember the components of a communications


system:

Input transducer: The device that converts a physical signal


from source to an electrical, mechanical or electromagnetic
signal more suitable for communicating
Transmitter: The device that sends the transduced signal
Transmission channel: The physical medium on which the signal
is carried
Receiver: The device that recovers the transmitted signal from
the channel
Output transducer: The device that converts the received signal
back into a useful quantity

What is modulation?
It is a process whereby some characteristics
(amplitude, frequency, phase) of the carrier is varied in
accordance with the baseband signal that is to be
modulated.

Base
band
signal

Carrie
r
signal

Modulated
signal

This
baseband signal must be transmitted
through a communication channel such as air,
cables using electromagnetic waves,
An appropriate procedure is needed to shift the
range of baseband frequencies to other frequency
ranges suitable for transmission, and
A corresponding shift back to
frequency range after reception.

the

original

This is called the process of modulation and


demodulation

Analog Modulation
The purpose of a communication system is to
transmit information signals (baseband signals)
through a communication channel
The term baseband is used to designate the band
of frequencies representing the original signal as
delivered by the input transducer
For example, the voice signal from a microphone is a
baseband signal, and contains frequencies in the range
of 0-3000 Hz
The hello wave is a baseband signal:

The radio spectrum:

For example, an AM radio system transmits electromagnetic


waves with frequencies of around
a few hundred kHz (MF band)
FM radio/TV
AM radio
The FM radio system must operate with frequencies in the
range of 88-108 MHz (VHF band)

Since the baseband signal contains frequencies in the


audio frequency range (4 kHz),
Some form of frequency-band shifting must be employed
for the radio system to operate satisfactorily
This process is accomplished by a device called a
modulator
The transmitter block in any communications system
contains the modulator device
The demodulator extracts the original baseband signal
from the received modulated signal
The receiver block in any communications system
contains the demodulator device
The modulator modulates a carrier wave (the
electromagnetic wave) which has a frequency that is
selected from an appropriate band in the radio spectrum
For example, the frequency of a carrier wave for FM can be chosen
from the VHF band of the radio spectrum
For AM, the frequency of the carrier wave may be chosen to be
around a few hundred kHz (from the MF band of the radio spectrum)

To Summarize:
Modulation is the process of impressing a
low-frequency information signal
(baseband signal ) onto a higher frequency
carrier signal
Modulation is done to bring information
signals up to the Radio Frequency (or
higher) signal

Basic analog communications syste


Baseband signal
(electrical signal)

Input
transducer

Transmitter

EM waves (modulated
signal)

Transmission
Channel

Modulator

EM waves (modulated
signal)

Carrier
Baseband signal
(electrical signal)

Output
transducer

Receiver
Demodulator

Types of Analog Modulation

Amplitude Modulation (AM)


Amplitude modulation is the process of varying the amplitude of a
carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a baseband signal.
The frequency of the carrier remains constant

Frequency Modulation (FM)


Frequency modulation is the process of varying the frequency of a
carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a baseband signal.
The amplitude of the carrier remains constant

Phase Modulation (PM)


Another form of analog modulation technique in which phase of carrier
wave is varied.
FM and PM go in parallel.

Amplitude Modulation
Carrier wave

Baseband signal

Modulated wave
Amplitude varyingfrequency constant

Frequency Modulation
Carrier wave

Baseband signal

Small amplitude:
low frequency

Large amplitude:
high frequency

Modulated wave
Frequency varyingamplitude constant

AM vs. FM
AM requires a simple circuit, and is very easy to
generate.
It is simple to tune, and is used in almost all short
wave broadcasting.
The area of coverage of AM is greater than FM (longer
wavelengths (lower frequencies) are utilized.
The main advantage of FM is its audio quality and
immunity to noise.
Most forms of static and electrical noise are naturally
AM, and an FM receiver will not respond to AM signals.
The main disadvantage of FM is the larger bandwidth
it requires

Digital Modulation
Analog communication systems
transmit information in analog form
using Amplitude or Frequency
modulation
Digital communication systems also
employ modulation techniques, some of
which include:
Amplitude Shift Keying
Frequency Shift Keying
Phase Shift Keying

Basic digital communications


system
Transmitter
Input
transducer

Error
correction
coding

Digital signal

A/D
converter

Analog signal

EM waves (modulated
signal)

Transmission
Channel

Modulator

Carrier

EM waves
(modulated signal)

Receiver
Error
detection/
correction

Output
transducer

digital signal

D/A
converter

analog signal

Demodulator

Some Types of Digital Modulation

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

ASK involves the process of switching the carrier either on or off,


in correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses that constitute
the information signal.

One binary digit is represented by the presence of a carrier, the


other binary digit is represented by the absence of a carrier.

Frequency remains fixed

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

FSK involves the process of varying the frequency of a carrier


wave by choosing one of two frequencies (binary FSK) in
correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses that constitute
the information signal.

Two binary digits are represented by two frequencies around the


carrier frequency.

Amplitude remains fixed

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Another form of digital modulation technique which phase is


varied.

Amplitude Shift Keying


Digital
information

Carrier wave
ASK
modulated
signal

Carrier present

Carrier absent

Amplitude varyingfrequency constant

Frequency Shift Keying


1

Digital
information
Carrier 1
(frequency #1)
Carrier 2
(frequency #2)
FSK
modulated
signal
Frequency varyingamplitude constant

Modems
Modems are devices used to enable the transfer of data
over the public switched telephone network (PSTN)
The name modem comes from the name MOdulatorDEModulator which describes the function the modem
performs to transfer digital information over an analog
network
The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted
easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital
data.

Primarily used to communicate via telephone lines,


modems can be used over any means of transmitting
analog signals

There are many kinds of modems available today:


Internal modem:
A modem card in your computer that is integrated within
the system
Less expensive than external modems
Disadvantage is that you need to access inside the
computer to replace the modem
External modem
A device that connects externally to your computer
through a serial port
External power supply does not drain power from the
computer
Modem activity can easily be observed
More expensive than an internal modem

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)


A high-speed data service that works over
conventional telephone lines and is typically offered
by telephone companies
It does not occupy the phone line-you can still talk on
the phone
Speed is much higher than regular modem

Cable modem
A device that connects to the existing cable feed and
to an Ethernet network card in the PC (also called a
NIC for Network Interface Card)
Is different than a common dial up modem
Supports higher speeds
Typically offered by cable companies

Modems are the most popular means of


Internet access.

Please read it:


Because of writing by pen on
Rupee notes, Indian govt. has
more than Rs 2650 cr loss per
year. Let us not write any thing
on Rupee notes because they
cant be used for standard
transactions.
e.g. You cant find written notes
in ATM.

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