Deep Beam Deep beam is 2 beam having large depthithickness ratio and shear span depth ratioless than 2.5 ‘or concentrated load and less than 5.0 for distributed load. Because the geometry of deep beams, they behavior is different with slender beam or intermediate beam. ‘The structural element that might be classified as deep beam are 2 Transfer Girder, is a girder that carry all the vertical load without any vertical element below the airder. 2 Pile Cep, is @ structural element that connec! the vertical element with the deep foundation such as bored pile 2 Vertical Well, wall slab under vertical load can be designed as deep beam.BEHAVIOR OF DEEP BEAM ‘The followings are the major different of deep beam element compared wth ordinary beam based on ‘he design assumption, 2s follows 2 o> Two-Dimensional Action, because of the cimension of deep beam they behave as two- dimensional action rather than one-dimensional action Plane Section Do Not Remain Plane, the assumption of plane section remain plane cannot be used in he deep beam design. The strain distribution is not longer linear. ‘Shear Deformation, the shear deformation cannot be neglected as in the ordinary beam. The atrose distribution is not linear even in the elastic stage. At the ulimate limit aate the shape of concrete compressive stress block is not parabolic shape agein.‘The followings are the mejor behavior of deep beam element, as follows 2 Cracking of deep beam willoccurat Zt, or 5s 2 The distribution of tensile stress at botom fiter is constant over the span. in other word the value of tensile stress at bottom fiber at support and at mid span is only little different, for this reason in deep beam the tension reinforcement must be extend to the end of support although that region is small bending moment region (in ordnary beam we can cut offthe tension reinforcement and not all of the tension reinforcement in mid span is extended to the end of suppor, practically only two for anchor the stirups. 2 The maximum tensile stress at the bottom fer is far exceed the magnitude of compressive stress.MID SPAN SUPPORT SUPPORT STRESS. l] Figure 10.1. Stress Distrieuionor Deer Bean© The cracks is vertical follows the direction of compression trajectory, in deep beam we must provide both vertical stirrups and horizontal stirrups. A Z C |— COMPRESSIVE ARC ACTION be Y Y, Y Figure 10.2 CRACKS OF DEEP BEAMGENERAL FEATURES In deep beams, the bending stress distribution across any transverse section deviates appreciably from the straight line distribution assumed in the clementary beam theory. Consequently a transverse section which is plane before bending does not remain approximately plane after bending and the neutral axis does not usually lic at the mid depth. In the case of deep beams, shear flexure and shear modes dominated by tensile cleavage failure are common. The ultimate failure due to shear ts generally brittle in nature in constrast to the ductile behaviour and progressive flexural failure with large number of cracks observed in normal beams.Distribution of flexural stresses in homogeneous simply supported beams.f= 3.0 wib (Navier) Whe2f= 0.42 w/bWa< T <0.20 wil > 0.16 wl EEN. DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM 29 DEEP BEAMS 29.1 General a) b) A beam shall be deemed to bea deep beam when the ratio of effective span to overall depth, < is less than: 1) 2.0 for a simply supported beam; and 2) 2.5 for a continuous beam. A deep beam complying with the requirements of 29.2 and 29.3 shall be deemed to satisfy the provisions for shear.29.2 Lever Arm ‘The lever arm z for a deep beam shall be determined as below: a) For simply supported beams: z= 0.2(1+2D) when 152 52 or z=061 when i. <1 7 D b) For continuous beams: L z= 0.21415 D) when 1s 5 $25 or =0.51 Ah & <1 z=0. when 5 where | is the effective span taken as centre to centre distance between supports or 1.15 times the clear span, whichever is smaller, and D is the overall depth.29.3 Reinforcement 29.3.1 Positive Reinforcement The tensile reinforcement required to resist positive bending moment in any span of a deep beam shall: a) extend without curtailment between supports: b) be embedded beyond the face of each support, so that at the face of the support it shall have a development length not less than 0.8 L,; where L, is the development length (see 26.2.1), for the design stress in the reinforcement; and © be placed within a zone of depth equal to 0.25 D — 0.05 / adjacent to the tension face of the beam where D is the overall depth and / is the effective span.29.32 Negative Reinforcement a) Termination of reinforcement — For tensile reinforcement required to resist negative bending moment over.a support of a deep beam: 1) Itshall be permissible to terminate not more than half of the reinforcement at a distance of 0,5 D from the face of the support where Dis as defined in 29,2; and 2) The remainder shall extend over the full span.b) Distribution —When ratio of clear span to overall depth is in the range 1.0 to 2.5, tensile reinforcement over a support of a deep beam shall be placed in two zones comprising: 1) azone of depth 0.2 D, adjacentto the tension face, which shall contain a proportion of the tension steel given by l OS (s ~ as) 1 = clear span, and D 2) a zone measuring 0.3 D on either side of the mid-depth of the heam, which shall contain the remainder of the tension steel, evenly distributed. For span to depth ratios less than unity, the steel shall be evenly distributed over a depth of 0.8 D measured from the tension face, where overall depth.29.3.3 Vertical Reinforcement If forces are applied to a deep beam in sucha way that hanging action is required, bars or suspension stirrups shall be provided to carry all the forces concerned.29.3.4 Side Face Reinforcement Side face reinforcement shall comply with require- ments of minimum reinforcement of walls (see 32.4). 32.4 Design for Horizontal Shear 32.5 Minimum Requirements for Reinforcement in Walls The reinforcement for walls shall be provided as below:4) the minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement to 705 concrete area shall be: 1) 0.001 2 for deformed bars not larger than 16 mm in diameter and with a cheracterstic strength of 415 Nimm? or greater. 2) 0.001 5 for other types of bars. 3) 0.001 2 for welded wire fabric not larger than 16 mm in diameter. by Vertical reinforcement shall be spaced not fartherapart than three times the wall thickness nor 450 mm. ©) Theminimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement to gross concrete area shall be: 1) 0,002.0 for deformed bars not larger than 16mm in diameter and with acharacteristc strength of 415 Nimm? or greater 2) 010025 for other types of bars. 3) 0.002 0 for welded wire fabric not larger than 16 sam in diameter. 4) Horizontal reinforcement shall be spaced not farther par them three times the wall thickness sor 450 mm, [NOTE — The minimum reinforcement may not always be sufficient to provide adequate resistance 10 the effects of shrinkage and temperasreFLEXURAL Design OF DEEP BEAM Moment strength Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement A Minimum Lever Jd=0.2( +2) 15 <2 L W208 F <1 Posie Reiorcomont Distribution y=0.25n-0.08 <0.20h y=0.25n-0.08L <0.20 Negative Reivorcomont Distribution Agr st-aa, aAjd = lever arm Ma = positive ultimate flexure moment My = negative ultimate flexure moment AS = positive reinforcements area As = negative reinforcements area h = beam depth fe = concrete cylinder strength (MPa) fy = yield strength of reinforcements (MPa) ‘Where L is taken the minimum of effective span measured center to center of supports or 1.15 LyIn simply supported beams, the positive tension reinforcement is distributed in the lower of beam section along the distance : y =0.25h-0.05L <0.20h iS POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTS td L DISTRIBUTION OF POSITIVE RENFORCEMENTS: IN SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS.In continuous beams the distribution of positive reinforcements is si ilar as in the simply supported beam, the difference is the distribution of negative reinforcements. ob —o6n Lon DSTRIBUTION OF NEGATIVE RENFORCENENTS. IW CONTINUGUS BEANS ‘Aes is distributed along height hy=0.2h and Az is distriouted along hz=0.6h. Reinforcements in zone hy are come from the tension reinforcements that continued from the mid ‘span to the support section.Step - By - Step Proceoure Classified the structure as simply supported beam or continuous beam. © Calculate the approximate lever arm jd. id-0.2L+m)o1<2b <2 -0.2L-1on)a15<1 id=05L>5<1© Calculate the required positive or negative reinforcement A.” Ac’. Positive . MS As = Reinforcement of, (id) Nogative Reinforcement ~Check the required steel bars area with minimum steel bars area Agnin. AS Minimum [= _ Choose the number of bars and the reinforcement is cistnibuted 2s follows : Poslive y =0.25n-0.05L < 0.200 Reinforcement 0.25n-0.08L <0.20h Negative ReinforcementThe minimum shear reinforcement area is : A, =0.0015(bs,) ‘yemin Avhemin = 0.0025\bs,) where : Avenin = minimum vertical stirrups Ava-min = minimum herizontal stirrups b = width of beam Sv = spacing of vertical stirrups 5, = spacing of horizontal stirrupsTABLE 10.2 MAXIMUM SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT st ond “5 3 s, <500mm §, < 500mm Concrete strength ‘The formulae used in this book are based on British practice, where concrete strength is evaluated using test cubes rather than cylinders The relation between cube and cylinder strength is usually taken as fos nets but the ratio varies widely according to the type of aggregateDESIGN EXAMPLE Design a single span deep beam to suit the following data: Filective span = 6 m \ ‘Over all depth = 6m Width of suppor Width of beam = 0. Total load on beam including self weight= 400 kKNim Concrete= M-20 grade Steel = Fe-415 grade Tor steelEe 2 Maximum moment = (" \ = (=F*) = 1800 KN-m For sireply supported beams, Z=0.20+20) for | = LP <2 Ie this case (L/D) = 1 Za=O.N6+2 1 6)= 3.6m 2. Reinforcements ‘Tension = es (3 ra0g ) =500 kN a a =2174 mm* Ae~{Minimum forizontal reinforcement = (0.002 % 400 + 6) = $800 mam” Zone of dopiit ={(0.25D— 0,05L)=0.25 x 6 x 0.05 <6)= L.2m The tension reinforcement of 4800 tam?, is arranged within a depth af 1.2 m from the tension face. ‘Adopt 24 bars of 16 mm # jn 6 rows of 4 bars cach. Vertical reinforcement arex = (0.0012 x 400 x 100) = 480 mm? Use 4 legged stirrups of @mm ® at 230mm centres.one 00 2-18 E 10% 6 £4 230)cre eid ele 300 ere : 10 & + 00Je/c 6m ee —t T 26-185 200 Bars i (5 Rows) oT me 6m - Fig. 18.13 Reinforcement details in single span deep beamDESIGN EXAMPLE Design @ typical interior span of a continuous decp beam using the follow- ing data: Span of beam (L)=9 m. : Over all depth (D)=4.5 m Width of supports (C)=0.9 m Width of beam (b)=0.4 m Uniformaly distributed load = = 200 kN/m (including self weight) Conerete= M-20 grade Reinfarcements= Fe-415 Tor steel. Sketch the details of reinforcements at centre of span and support sections.lL Design Parameters2. Momenis 2 Moment at mid span= ae (l-<) 200 x 9? s (CAFE) c-oaneers KN-m wi? Moment at support -(Cs Ju-oe-9 ne (1-0.1)2-0.1) wi? 200 x 9 : (2 )-(A)- 1150 kN-m4. Steel Reinforcements according to IS. 456 Code Procedure Lever arm for continuous beam Za0.2(L+15 D) when 1< upp <2s In the present ease (L/D) = (is) 20 Z=0.2 (941.5 <4.5)=3.15 m ‘Tension at support -(% Z\=( (53)- 365 KN Tension at mid span -( ml ( om )- 214 KN 3 ENE 214 10? 7 = )=920 mm 365% 10°) _ -( 0 )= 1386 may Mid span Support5, Minimum Reinforcements According to IS : 456 x minimum percentage of horizontal reinforce~ ments are given by c= (0.402 400 x 4500) = 3600 mm* Vertical reinforcements are given by Age = (0.0012 = 400 x 1000) = 480 mm*/m 6. Arrangement of Reinforcements According to the IS : 456 Code the reinforcements for positive and negative bending moments should be arranged as detailed below For positive B.M (centze of span) Zone of depth=(0.25D x 0.05L) = (0.25 4.5 0.05 x 1)= 0.675 m 4, = 3600 mm?, to be distributed over a depth of 0.675 m from the tension face. Use 20 bars of 160 (4, = 4020 mm?) arranged in 5 rows of 4 bars each, For negative B.M (support section) Zone of depth = 0.2) = (0.2 ¥ 4.5) =0.9 m Proportion of steel = 0.5 ( -0. a= (0.75 3600) = 2700 mm?Use 16 bars of 16@ over a depth of 940 mm from tension face (4 rows of 4 bars each). Remaining steel = (#600 - 2700)=900mm?, Zone=0.3 D= (0.3% 4.5)= 1.35 m on cither side of the mid depth of beam. Use 20 bars of 8mm (5 rows of 4 bars), For vertical reinforcements at support and span sections, adopt 4 legged stirrups of 6mm@ at 230 centres. The details of reinforcements are shown in Fig. 18.12. Support Centre ot Section ig 4g tu own) SAMSON se 5m ae \ + feo-[o x is- 1 = He Suppertrat 18-18 E a Piped | th Rows of ¢Barsi — E Section xt Support 20-188 {5 Rows of 6 Bars! Saction at Centre of Span 6 E230 ce & Legged Stirrups