43

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) IS A

RETROVIRUS THAT CAN CAUSE A PROGRESSIVE
DAMAGE TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND OVERTIME
MAY LEAD TO ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME (AIDS)
April Dream C. Catolico
MLS 2B

WHAT IS HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)?

HIV Transmission
Sexual Transmission
Blood Exposure, Injecting Equipment
Childbirth and Breastfeeding

Stages of Infection
Acute HIV Infection
Clinical Latency stage
AIDS

Preventive Interventions

HOW HIV CAUSES DAMAGE TO

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM?

CD4 T-Lymphocyte/ T-Helper cells (WBC)

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME

CD4 cell count below 200 cell mm uL

10 12 years
Factors that may shorten the time between HIV and AIDS
Factors that may delay the time between HIV/AIDS
Opportunistic Infections

CONCLUSION

Everyone who has AIDS has HIV infection but not everyone
who has HIV infection has AIDS. AIDS only refers to the
advanced stage of the disease. If a person is HIV-positive, the
disease you have is HIV infection or HIV disease. There is no
cure for this disease but treatment can prevent HIV infection
from turning into AIDS and can restore the health of people
with AIDS.

THE EFFECTS OF HYPERTENSION,

SYMPTOMS AND ITS ASSOCIATED
PREVENTION IN OUR BODY

By: Zcarina Angel N. Uayan

MLS 2-B

44

INTRODUCTION
Thesis Statement:
Hypertension has a symptoms and negative effects on
the body and indicates the increase of morbidity and
mortality associated with our body and ways for
preventing it.

Hypertension is defined as sustained abnormal

elevation of the arterial blood pressure. It is
also the most common primary disease.
Hypertension is a risk factor for coronary artery
disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, and
renal failure. Each 20-mmHg increase in systolic
pressure or 10-mmHg increases in diastolic
pressure above normal increases cardiovascular
risk two fold.

BODY
Symptoms:

Headache

Pain in the back of the neck

Flushing and feeling hot

Nausea and sometimes vomiting

Dizziness

Drowsiness

Severe hypertension may cause sudden and severe nosebleeds

Irregular heartbeat

Shortness of breath

Effects on the body:

Damage your arteries
Damage your Heart
Damage your brain
Damage your kidney

Diagnosis:
Readings are consistently 140/90 mmHg or above
Measuring the blood pressure
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Urinalysis
Prevention for hypertension:
Weight control
Increased physical activity
Moderate alcohol intake
Appropriate dietary regimen
Manage stress
Avoid tobacco smoke
Reducing salt

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, hypertension is a disease that can damage your
health not only your health but also the parts of your body
especially your organ that can cause different disease
including stroke, heart failure, and heart disease. It can also
affect our brain and kidney. Thus, it should be given a
proper attention and right medication.

45

TREATMENT FOR PNEUMOCYSTIS

CARINII PNEUMONIA
BY: PAULINE JOY L. LABAUSAS

INTRODUCTION

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening infection that

affects the immunocompromised individuals such as people with AIDS and
those are receiving chemotherapy for cancerantibody responses to
Pneumocystis jiroveci fade, rendering them to PCP. The organism lives as a
saprophyte in the human lungs and various animals.

. Susceptibility is enhanced in premature infants and by chronic weakening

illnesses like AIDS.

Fever, tachypnea and non-productive cough with progression are casually

observed. Fatigue and night sweats can also occur, often before breathing
difficulties appear.

BODY
A. Drugs prescribed by physicians

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole /
contrimoxazole

Pentamidine

Dapsone

Mepron

Trimetrexate

Trimetrexate-Leucovorin

Ciindamycin-primaquine
Cortisteroids

Pyrimethamine with sulfadiazine or trisulfspyrimidines

Piritrexim

Macrolide
Prednisone

B. Supportive Measures

Oral Morphine Solution. It reduces respiratory rate and anxiety, enhancing oxygenation.

Other supportive measures. Oxygenation, mechanical ventilation, intubation, adequate nutrition,

and bed rest,

The things too for good recovery of PCP- infected patients. The patient must maintain a patient
airway and oxygenation. He/ she should be placed in Fowlers position to maximize chest expansion
and give supplemental oxygen as order. Monitor oxygen saturation and ABG levels as ordered. Check
respiratory status often, at least every 2 hours. Auscultate the lungs for abdominal breath sounds,
such as crackles, wheezes or rhonchi. Encourage coughing and deep breathing. When the patients
respiratory status deteriorates, anticipate the need for intubation and mechanical ventilation.
Institute cardiac monitoring to detect the development of arrhythmias secondary to hypoxemia.

For making the patient comfortable reposition the patient to maximize chest expansion allow
rest, and reduce discomfort anxiety. Obtain ordered diagnostic test, and report results promptly.
Carefully monitor the patients intake and output to allow early identification of dehydration, fluid
overload and accurate tracking of nutritional status. To prevent aspiration during NG tube feedings,
elevate the patients head, check the position of the tube and administer feedings slowly. Dont give
large volumes at one time because this could cause vomiting. If the patient has a tracheotomy or an
ET tube, inflate the tube cuff. Keep his head elevated for at least 30 minutes after feeding.

SUMMARY

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is recommended as the treatment of choice

for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) of any severity in HIV-uninfected
patients. It is taken with oral steroid. It should be taken everyday for
approximately three weeks. Intravenous pentamidine should be the second
choice for the treatment of PCP. Dapsone is also an effective alternative oral
therapy. Mepron is used when TMP_SMX or pentamidine cant be taken.
Trimetrexate is used for the patients with moderately severe pneumonia. For
mild-to-moderate PCP patients, they are recommended with clindamycinprimaquine. For moderate-to-severe PCP, cortisteroid is the effective
treatment. Pyrimethamine, Piritrexim and macrolide are the other
treatments given for patients who are not tolerated with TMP-SMX.
Prednisone is given to PCP patients to lessen the symptoms of the disease.
Oxygenation, intubation and mechanical ventilation are the supportive
measures for PCP.

CONCLUSION

I conclude that TMP-SMX is the most effective treatment of PCP.

However, taking medications varies the degree of PCP. Observing
appropriate drug intake and supportive measures can result good
recovery of the patient. Also, proper diet and good habit improves the
treatment. Following the entire physicians recommendation, taking
medication and observing supportive measures will surely give higher
chance of good recovery from the disease.

2
Delineation of Cigarette
Smoking and its Effect on
the Health of an Individual
SHAINA MAY B. GAVIN
MLS 2B
UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN

I. Introduction
Massive cigarette smoking can
lead to numerous diseases.
The introduction comprises some
facts about smoking and enumerates
some diseases or illnesses which
later broaden in the body. It
introduces the readers about the
idea or content of the paper.

II. Body
Deep definition of smoking
Why tobacco is addictive
Illnesses and Diseases caused by
smoking
How to quit smoking

A. Deep definition of Smoking

1. Cigarette Smoking
a. Definition of Smoking
Ex. Smoking is a addictive habit caused by nicotine
b. Definition of Secondhand smoke or
smoking
Ex. Smoke from a cigar which is inhaled by another
person.

B. Why Tobacco is Addictive

1. Component of Tobacco
a. Components of Tobacco
Ex. Nicotine and Tar
b. Components of Tobacco
that is addictive
Ex. Addictive component is the
nicotine

C. Illnesses and Diseases caused

by
Smoking
1. Diseases affecting different organ system of the
body through smoking
a. Diseases affecting Nervous System beacause
of smoking
b. Illnesses occured or affects the heart
Ex. Coronary Heart Disease
c. Other diseases caused by smoking
Ex. Lung Cancer many other more

III. Conclusion
A. Analytical Summary
1. Components of Tobacco that is
addictive
2. Illnesses and Diseases caused by
smoking
3. Benefits of Quitting smoking habit

B. Thesis Reworded

Chronic and numerous

diseases would likely to
occur through smoking.

C. Concluding Statement

Therefore, I conclude
that massive
smoking is not good
and beneficial to
health.

3
The Hypothalamus
in the Autonomic
Nervous System
Presented by Mariah Paula Bolen

Thesis Statement
The hypothalamus controls certain metabolic
processes and activities of the autonomic nervous
system that it is considered vital for living.

Introduction

Introduction
The hypothalamus is a basal part of the posterior
subdivision of the forebrain which includes vital
autonomic regulatory centres.

Body

Body
A. Hypothalamus
B. Autonomic nervous system
C. Vitality

Body
A. Hypothalamus
1. Hypothalamus regions
2. Hormones which released is controlled by the
hypothalamus

Body
B. Autonomic nervous system
1. Function of the autonomic nervous system
2. Autonomic nervous system divisions
a. Sympathetic division
b. Parasympathetic division
c. Enteric division

Body
C. Vitality
1. Homeostasis

Conclusion

Conclusion
A. Summary
B. Restating of the thesis statement
C. Concluding statement

Conclusion
A. Summary
1. The hypothalamus
2. The autonomic nervous system
3. Vitality

Conclusion
B. Restating of the thesis statement
The hypothalamus controls certain metabolic
processes and activities of the autonomic nervous
system that it is considered vital for living

Conclusion
C. Concluding statement
The hypothalamus is an important organ not only in the
autonomic nervous system but for the entire body to
maintain homeostasis that one need to in order to be
healthy and continue living.

4
THE REFERENCE VALUE CONCEPT:
ITS DEFINITION, FUNCTION,
FORMULATION AND
MISCONCEPTIONS

PELEGRINO, Joemar P.
MLS 2B

THE REFERENCE VALUE CONCEPT

A Reference value derived from numerous test is
the basis in determining the condition of the patient
through laboratory diagnosis and medical decision
making.

MAIN POINTS
#1: A Reference serve as a guide in medical diagnosis
#2: Reference is important in every medical decision making
#3: A Reference is derived from a series of test and studies
#4: Reference value is essentially philosophical and
is different from normal value

THE REFERENCE VALUE CONCEPT

BODY
A. DEFINITON
1. IFCC Terms and Definition
2. Mathematical Definition
3. Statistical Definition
B. ROLE/IMPORTANCE
1. In describing the Depression
of Variables
2. In Medical Diagnosis

C. FORMULATION OF

THE REFERENCE VALUE

1. Number of Individuals
2. Factors that influence the

Reference Value

D. CLARIFICATIONS
1. Reference Value vs.
Normal Value
2. The concept is essentially
Philosophical

THE REFERENCE VALUE CONCEPT

#1: By definition, A Reference expresses a well-defined selection

of subjects used which is to be used by another subject.
#2: The role of the reference is inevitable in medical diagnosis or
decision making.
#3: A Reference is derived from a series of test and studies with
different criteria and factors.
#4: Reference value is essentially philosophical since it can be
change over time and must not be compared to a concept of a normal
value

ANTIOXIDANTS: ITS EFFECT

AND MEDICAL RECOURSE
TO HUMAN HEALTH
By: Sashney Darren A. Collado MLS 2-B
University of San Agustin
College of Health and Allied Medical Profession

INTRODUCTION
ANTIOXIDANTS-

Antioxidants are
substances that inhibit reactions to prevent
harmful chemical reactions to the body.
Free Radicals
Sources of Antioxidants

BODY
VITAMIN

A (Beta Carotene)

Beta carotene a member of the carotenoid family is converted by

the liver into Vitamin A. This vitamin has a very essential role
especially in the lungs.
Most commonly found is orange-colored fruits and vegetables

BODY
VITAMIN E
In vitamin E, it acts as a tissue antioxidant and also plays a role in
resistance to viral infections.
Vitamin E is found primarily in oil-rich seeds and vegetable oils.
Foods high in vitamin E include almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts,
canola oil, shrimp, sweet potato, avocado, and tomato sauce.
Vitamin E is important for maintaining healthy blood vessels,
improving skin conditions, and protecting the body's membrane.

BODY
VITAMIN

C- most important antioxidant

Food high in vitamin C includes oranges and other
citrus fruit, kiwi fruit, cantaloupe, guava, bell
peppers, strawberries, broccoli, and kale. Ascorbic
acid is widely distributed in nature, mostly rich in
fresh fruits and leafy vegetables such as guava,
mango, papaya, cabbage, mustard leaves and
spinach.

MEDICINAL APPLICATIONS OF
ANTIOXIDANTS

ANTIOXIDANTS and CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Cardiovascular

diseases globally, are the number one

cause of death and they are projected to remain so.
Vitamin E, vitamin C, and other antioxidants have been
linked in numerous observational studies to a decreased
risk of various diseases, including heart disease

MEDICINAL APPLICATIONS OF
ANTIOXIDANTS

ANTIOXIDANTS and CANCER

Antioxidants

vitamins show promise in cancer

therapy by their palliative action, reducing painful
side effects associated with treatment.

CONCLUSION
Therefore

I conclude that vitamins can functions as

antioxidants such as vitamin A, E, and C.
Also, antioxidants work best in prevention and
progression of disease, but they cannot repair the damage
that has already occurred or cure people.
High intake or eating a high content food rich in
antioxidant can be a precursor to prevent the leading
cause of death such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Anorexia Nervosa vs. Bulimia

Nervosa:
The Differences and Similarities of their
Causes and Effects on the Different
Aspects of a Person

Ron Jayson A. Segunla MLS 2B

University of San Agustin

Introduction:
What is an eating disorder?
What is Anorexia Nervosa?
What is Bulimia Nervosa?

Body:

ANOREXIA NERVOSA
VS.
BULIMIA NERVOSA

Conclusion:
In conclusion, anorexia nervosa and bulimia are both selfdestructive eating habits, but they must be identified and
treated in different ways. Each disease varies in its physical
and mental consequences. Eating disorders are battles that
are fought all around America. Treating them is a difficult
task, but not an impossible one. Eating disorders are serious,
even life-threatening, medical illnesses that have biological
and psychological causes. They can also cause considerable
psychological distress and major physical complications.
Important relationships are eroded as the eating disorder
takes up time and energy, brings about self-absorption, and
impairs self-esteem. Treatment should be initiated as quickly
as possible, focus upon the immediate distress experienced
by the individual, and aim to help the patient and family
become powerful enough to overcome the eating disorder.
They are treatable. Recovery is possible.

0
Modern treatments for
bipolar
disorder and understanding
the
neurochemistry
behind
Matthew B. Luciaja
them

What we will learn in

this study:
We will be able know how bipolar
disorder is treated today
We will be able to identify the
different treatments used today to
treat bipolar disorder
We will be able to understand their
neurochemistry or the science
behind how these treatment works

So how is bipolar
disorder treated
today?

Treatment through
antidepressant drugs,
electroconvulsive
therapy and
readjustment of
circadian rhythm

Treatment through
antidepressant drugs,
electroconvulsive
therapy and
readjustment of
circadian rhythm

Treatment through
antidepressant drugs,
electroconvulsive
therapy and
readjustment of
circadian rhythm

What is the
neurochemistry
behind these
treatments?

By understanding
their neurochemistry,
we:

we know how these

modern-day treatments
treat bipolar disorder
we see a bigger picture of
the treatment process

- THE END
-

ALCOHOL ADDICTION:
VARYING CAUSES AND
EFFECTS OTHER THAN
DEPRESSION
Ma. Jocelyn Lee

21

Alcoholism is an illness characterized by significant

impairment that is directly associated with persistent and
excessive use of alcohol. Impairment may involve
physiological, psychological or social dysfunction.
Alcohol use was ranked as the 5th leading factor among
ages worldwide. Though it is a complex disease, it is not
stated that Depression is the only and most major cause. It
was rather assumed that a multiple of genetic influences
helped in the development of this addiction.

INTRODUCTION

Depression is a major depressive disorder. It is sometimes

a mood disorder. Depression is an episode of sadness or
apathy along with other symptoms that last at least for 2
consecutive weeks and it is severe enough to disrupt daily
activities
Given that the persons physical appearance will change
due to the feeling of hopelessness, pessimism, guilt,
worthlessness and helplessness. Depression may cause the
decreasing energy of a person, fatigue, and being slowed
down. For some they either experience difficulty sleeping
or waking up and some may even overthink.

BODY

The word alcohol comes from the Arabic word Al Kohl,

which means the essence.
The reality is that alcohol is often abused because it initially
offers a very tantalizing promise.
The symptoms of alcohol addiction are based on the
behavioral and physical outcomes that occur as a result of
this addiction.

BODY

(Some Causes of Alcohol Addiction)

The ECA study revealed that 60.7 percent of people with bipolar I
disorder had a lifetime diagnosis of a substance use disorder, an
alcohol or other drug use disorder and 46.2 percent of those with
bipolar I disorder had an alcohol use disorder; and 40.7 percent
had a drug abuse or dependence diagnosis. Fortyeight percent of
people with bipolar II disorder had a substance use disorder, 39.2
percent had an alcohol use disorder, and 21 percent had a drug
abuse or dependence diagnosis. Alcohol addiction was twice as
likely to cooccur in people with bipolar spectrum disorders than
in those with unipolar depression such as, depression without
mania.

BODY

Genes alone do not determine whether someone

will become an alcoholic. Environmental factors, as
well as gene and environment interactions account
for the remainder of the risk.
Among the five types of trauma, emotional abuse
and neglect were the ones most often experienced
by the men and women with drinking problems.

BODY

(Some effects of Alcohol Addiction)

Immediate Effects
Long-term Effects
Health Complications
Behavioral and Mental Effects

BODY

Therefore, the relationship of Alcohol Addiction and

depression is complex. Alcohol addiction may arise due to
depression of a person. He consumes alcohol too much to
overwhelm himself and to feel the pleasurable feelings that
alcohol gives and loses control. Depression may arise due to
the experience or effects Alcohol addiction. They have a
correlational relationship at times. Depression is not the main
cause and effect of Alcohol Addiction all throughout. It is
confirmed that there are other causes and effect of Alcohol
Addiction that do not arise due to depression.

CONCLUSION

2
3
Different Types of Breast Cancer
Treatments
Jare, Judd Adrian M. MLS 2B

#23

INTRO

WHAT IS BREAST CANCER?

Facts about Breast Cancer

BODY
Types of Breast Cancer
DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU
INVASIVE DUCTAL CARCINOMA
LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU
INVASIVE LOBULAR CARCINOMA
INFLAMMATORY BREAST CANCER

Therapies for Breast Cancer

CHEMOTHERAPY
ENDOCRINE THERAPY
MONOTHERAPY
NEOADJUVANT THERAPY
RADIATION THERAPY
DRUG RELATED THERAPIES

Stages of Breast Cancer

STAGE 0
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
STAGE 4
RECURRENT BREAST CANCER

STEPS OF KNOWING YOU HAVE BREAST

CANCER
MAMMOGRAPHY
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
CT SCAN

CONCLUSION
S