CHAPTER 2 :

ALGEBRA

2.1 TRANSPOSITION OF
FORMULAE
2.2 SECOND DEGREE
EQUATION
2.3 SIMULTANEOUS
EQUATION
2.4 MATRICES &

2.1 TRANSPOSITION OF
FORMULAE
Properties of Equations

A formula gives a relationship

between different quantities.
To single out one of the quantities
involved in terms of all others.
Right hand side is equal to left
hand side.

LR R L

Make a
quantity as
the subject
of the
equation
Transpose the
formula

2.1 TRANSPOSITION OF
FORMULAE
Properties of
Equations

ADD /
SUBTRACT

If you move a -ve

quantity from
one side to the
other it
become +ve
If you move a +ve
quantity from
one side to the
other it
become -ve

Rule

Example

r s t2
L+k=R+k

r s s t2 s
r t2 s

Lk=Rk

r s t2
r s s t2 s
r t2 s

2.1 TRANSPOSITION OF
FORMULAE

Properties of
Equations
MULTIPLY
/
DIVISION
If we multiply one side
with a number or
variables, well
multiply the other
side with the same
number or variables
If we divide one side
with a number or
variables, well
divide the other
side with the same
number or variables
If we indices one side
with a number, well

Rule

kL = kR

Example
r
t2 1
s
r
s s t2 1
s
r st 2 s

r t s 4
r t s 4

r
r
4
t s
r

L R

k k

r s t
r s

t2

r s t2

Example 1

1. Write y 3 x 7 in terms of y .
Working

Step

y
x7
3

Divide by 3

y
7 x
3

Subtract by 7

y
7
3

Solve

2. Express each of the following as the subject given.

v u
t,
a
t
b)
3s,
2t s
a)

v as subject
t as subject

Example 2
1
Write t 2
in terms of t .
g
Working

t 2

1
2

t 2 4 2

gt 2 4 2

Cancel Ex 11
pg 28
in Workbook

Step
1
g

Square both sides

Multiply both sides with g

4 2
g 2
t

Divide both sides by t2

4 2
g 2
t

Solve

Ex 8 13 pg 26 29

2.1 TRANSPOSITION OF
FORMULAE

Solving Linear equation with 1

variable
To solve an equation, we find the
values of the unknown that satisfy it.
How: Isolate the unknown /
variable & solve its value.
A linear equation is an equation
that can be written in the form;

ax b 0
where a & b are real numbers.
Linear equations have only one
roots.

Perform the
same
operation
on both
sides

2.1 TRANSPOSITION OF
FORMULAE

Solving Linear equation with 1

variable
x 3 12

Add 3 to both sides

x 3 3 12 3
x 15
x
12
3
Multiply both sides by 3

x
3 312
3
x 36

x 3 12

Subtract 3 from both sides

x 3 3 12 3
x 9
3 x 12
Divide both sides by 3

3 x 12

3
3
x4

Perform the
same
operation
on both
sides
Always check
in the
original
equation

Example 3

1. Solve the equation x 7 3 x 6 x 8 .

Working

Step

x 7 3x 6x 8

Parentheses
removed
x terms combined

x 7 3 x 8

4x 7 8

4 x 15
x

15
4

3x added to both
sides
7 added to both
sides
Both sides divided
by 4

Example 3
2. Determine the value of x in the following equation :
2
x 36
x 10
3
5
5
Working
2
x 36
x
10
3
5
5
14
2 1

5
3 5

7
14
x
15
5
x

14
7

15

x 6

Step
Rearrange & simplify
expressions on both sides
Factorize x on LHS
Simplify
Divide both sides
by 7/15
Solve
Ex 17 pg 31

PRACTICE 1
1. Solve the given equation.
a) 6 4L 5 3L
b) 3 4 n n
c) 1.5 x 0.3 x 4 6
d) 7 31 2 p 4 2 p
3 5 7 3V
e) 2V
4

2. To determine the voltage V in a circuit in a TV

remote control unit, the equation given is used.
1.12V 0.6710.5 V 0

What is the value of V?

2.1 TRANSPOSITION OF
FORMULAE

Construct equations from verbal data

English
English
phrase
phrase

Mathematical
Mathematical
phrase
phrase

OR

English
English
sentence
sentence

Mathematical
Mathematical
sentence
sentence

The following are some key words and phrases:

Addition : sum, plus, add to, more than,
increased by, total
Subtraction : difference of, minus, subtracted
from, less than, decreased by, less
Multiplication : product, times, multiply, twice, of
Division : quotient divide, into, ratio

2.1 TRANSPOSITION OF
FORMULAE

Construct equations from verbal data

English
English
phrase
phrase

ADDITION

Mathematical
Mathematical
phrase
phrase

SUBTRACTION

4 more than a
number

x+4

A number decreased
by 5

y5

A number increased
by 5

y+5

5 less than a number

n5

The sum of x and y

x+y

The difference
between x and y

xy

A number added to
3

3+n

x minus y

xy

2.1 TRANSPOSITION OF
FORMULAE

Construct equations from verbal data

English
English
phrase
phrase

MULTIPLICATION

Mathematical
Mathematical
phrase
phrase

DIVISION

The product of a
and b

ab

The quotient of x and

y

x/y

Twice a number

2n

The ratio of y and x

y/x

a divided by b

a/b

of y
32 percent of z

.y
0.32 z

2.1 TRANSPOSITION OF
FORMULAE

Construct equations from verbal data

English
English
sentence
sentence

Mathematical
Mathematical
sentence
sentence

ENGLISH
A number increased by 2 is 6
The product of a number and 3 is 18

MATHEMATICAL
x+2=6
3y = 18

The difference between a number and 3 is 10

n 3 = 10

Two less than four times a number is 34

4z 2 = 34

One half of a number and 6 more is 14

n + 6 = 14

Three more than twice a number is 9

If a number is increased by 4, twice the sum is
50

2x + 3 = 9
2(y + 4) = 50

Example 4
Write the phrases as an algebraic expression.

VERBAL
The sum of 8 and a number n.

ALGEBRAIC
8+n

One third of a number n.

1
n
3

The quotient of 3 and a number is .

3 1

x 2
3
2
x

2 more than the quotient of 3 and a number.

7 less than 3 times a number is the same as 0.

3x 7 0

The product of 3 and the square of a number

decreased by 4

3x 2 4
Ex 19 pg 32

Correction on
PRACTICE 2
Ex 19 pg 32
Write the phrases as an algebraic expression. in Workbook
VERBAL
Triple of a number n.
The sum of first three positive number is n.
The product of 5 and n.
The difference of 4 and x where x is less than
4.
The quotient of y and 25
4 times the difference of a number n and 2.
6 minus the quotient of u and 2.
6 divided by the difference of 4 and y.

ALGEBRAIC

2.2 SECOND DEGREE EQUATION

Quadratic
Function

A quadratic function contains terms of the first and

second degree of unknown is given by;
Standard
form

f x ax 2 bx c

where a, b, c are real numbers and a 0.

OR

Vertex
form

f x a x h k
2

where (h, k) is the coordinate of the vertex.

2.2 SECOND DEGREE EQUATION

Solving Quadratic Equation
A quadratic equation contains terms of the first and
second degree of unknown is given by;
Standard
form

ax bx c 0

where a, b, c are real numbers and a 0.

A value of the unknown that will satisfy the equation
is called a solution or a root of the equation.

2.2 SECOND DEGREE EQUATION

Solving Quadratic Equation
All quadratic equations have two roots .
In pure quadratic equation , the roots are equal but
of opposite sign. It can solve by extraction of the
root.
There are two methods of solving complete
quadratic equation;
By factorization
By using quadratic formula

2.2 SECOND DEGREE EQUATION

Solving Quadratic Equation
Extraction of root
theorem

A quadratic equation that contains terms of the 2nd

degree only of the unknown is called a pure
quadratic equation, can be expressed as ;
Pure
quadratic

ax c 0

There are 3 possible solution:

If c < 0 no real solution (imaginary/complex solution)
If c = 0 one real solution
If c > 0 two real solution.

Example 5
Solve the equation :
2

a) x 9
x 9 3
2

b) x 16 0
2

x 16
x 16 4
2

c) 5R 89 0

d) x 2 36 0
x 2 36
x 36
x 1 36
x i 6

Where

1 i

e) 2 x 5 5 3
2

5R 2 89
89
R2
5
R

89
4.219
5

Ex 26 pg 38

2.2 SECOND DEGREE EQUATION

Solving Quadratic Equation
Factorization
2
The expression ax bx c is written as the
product of two factors.
If the product of 2 factors is zero, then one of those
factors must be zero. Thus if mn 0 then either
m 0 or n 0
Only be used if the quadratic expression can be
factorized completely.

Example 6
Solve the quadratic equation :
a) x 2 6 x 0
x x 6 0
x 0 or x 6 0
x6
b) 5 x 2 2 x 0
x 5 x 2 0

x 0 or 5 x 2 0
x

2
5

c) x 2 x 12 0

(x+4)
x

= 4x

-3

= -3x

-12

=x

x 4 x 3 0
x 4 0 or x 3 0
x 4
x 3

(x-3)
x2

Example 6
Solve the quadratic equation :

(x+4)
x

= 4x

x 4 0 or x 3 0

= 3x

x 4

x2

12

= 7x

d) x 7 x 12 0

x 4 x 3 0
x 3

e) x 6 x 7 0
x 1 x 7 0
x 1 0 or x 7 0
x 1
x 7
f) x x 1 6
x2 x 6 0
x 2 x 3 0
x 2 0 or x 3 0
x 2
x 3

(x+3)

Correction on
Ex 28 pg 39
in Workbook

PRACTICE 3
Solve the quadratic equation :
a) x 2 5 x 14 0
b) 3 x 2 10 x 8
c) 6 x 2 11x 35 0
d) x 2 x 4 16

Ex 29 pg 39

2.2 SECOND DEGREE EQUATION

Solving Quadratic Equation
Quadratic formula
For any quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, the
solutions for x can be found by using the quadratic
formula:
b b 2 4ac
x
2a
The quantity b2 4ac under the radical in the
quadratic formula is called discriminant of the
quadratic equation.

2.2 SECOND DEGREE EQUATION

Solving Quadratic Equation
Quadratic formula
The discriminant characterize the solution
of the quadratic equations:
If b2 4ac = 0 one real solution
If b2 4ac > 0 2 real and unequal
solutions
If b2 4ac < 0 no real but 2
imaginary solutions (complex number)

Example 7
Solve the equation 2k 2 8k 5 0 by using the quadratic formula
Step 1

Identify a, b & c, by comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0.

a = 2, b = 8, c = -5

Step 2

b b 2 4ac
Substitute into the formula: k
2a
8 8 2 4 2 5

2 2

Step 3

The solutions are:

8 104
4
0.5495

k1

8 104
4

8 104
4
4.5495

k2

b2 - 4ac > 0,
2 real &
unequal
roots

Example 7
Solve the equation 4 p 2 12 p 9 0 by using the quadratic formula
Step 1

Identify a, b & c, by comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0.

a = 4, b = -12, c = 9

Step 2

b b 2 4ac
Substitute into the formula: p
2a

Step 3

The solution is:

12 3
p

8 2

12
12 0
8

12 2 4 4 9
2 4
b2 - 4ac = 0,
1 real root

Example 7
Solve the equation 3k 2 5k 4 0 by using the quadratic formula
Step 1

Identify a, b & c, by comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0.

a = 3, b = -5, c = 4

Step 2

b b 2 4ac
Substitute into the formula: k
2a

b2 - 4ac < 0,
no real, 2
imaginary roots

Step 3

The solutions are:

5 i 23
6
0.83 i 0.8

k1

5 23
6

5 1 23 5 i 23

6
6

5 i 23
6
0.83 i 0.8

k2

5 2 4 3 4
2 3

PRACTICE 4
Solve the quadratic equation below by
using quadratic formula :
a) x 2 7 x 8 0
b) 9 x 2 49 42 x
c) 3 x 2 7 x 3 0
3
d)
2R
5R
e) s 2 9 s 1 2s

2.2 SECOND DEGREE EQUATION

Graphing Quadratic Function
The graph of the quadratic function is a parabola.
If a > 0, the parabola is concave up ( U shaped)
and give a minimum vertex point.
If a < 0, the parabola is concave down ( shaped)
and give a maximum vertex point.
Maximum & minimum vertex point (x, y) can be
determine;
x

b
2a

y f

2
a

2.2 SECOND DEGREE EQUATION

Graphing Quadratic Function
a>0

a<0

= - 3)

2.2 SECOND DEGREE EQUATION

Graphing Quadratic Function
The process:
Step 1: Determine the shape (U or )
if a > 0 U, if a < 0
Step 2: Find the vertex point (x, y)

b
b

,y f

2a
2a
Step 3: Find the y intercept (when x = 0) &
x intercept (when y = 0)
Step 4: Draw the axis & tick all the points
Step 5: Draw a parabola that connects all the
points & label the graph.
x

Example 8
Sketch the graph for each of the following
quadratic functions:
a) f x x 2 x 12
a 1, b 1, c 12

Step 1: Determine the shape, a > 0 U

Step 2: Find the vertex point (x, y)
x

1
0.5
2

y 0.5 0.5 12 12.25

2

Step 3: Find the y intercept (when x = 0)

& x intercept (when y = 0)
When x = 0 ; y = f(0) = -12
When y = 0 ; x2 + x -12 = 0, (x + 4)(x 3)
= 0,
x = -4, x = 3

Example 8
Sketch the graph for each of the following
quadratic functions:
a) f x x 2 x 12
Step 4: Draw the axis &
tick
all the points. The points
are (0,-12),(-4,0),
(3,0) and (0.5,11.25)
Step 5: Draw a parabola
that connects all the
points
& label the graph.

Example 8
Sketch the graph for each of the following
quadratic functions:
b) f x x 2 2 x 3
a 1, b 2, c 3

Step 1: Determine the shape, a < 0

Step 2: Find the vertex point (x, y)
x

2
1
2 1

y 1 21 3 4
2

Step 3: Find the y intercept (when x = 0) &

x intercept (when y = 0)
When x = 0 ; y = f(0) = 3
When y = 0 ; -x2 + 2x + 3 = 0, (-x + 3)(x + 1) = 0,
x = 3, x = -1

Example 8
Sketch the graph for each of the following
quadratic functions:
b) f x x 2 2 x 3

Step 4: Draw the axis & tick

all the points. The points are
(1, 4),(3, 0),(-1, 0) and (0,
3)
Step 5: Draw a parabola that
connects all the points &
label
the graph.

PRACTICE 5
Sketch the graph for each of the following
quadratic functions:
a) y x 2 7 x 10
b) y 3 x 2 6 x 9