Clock Domain Crossing (CDC)

Agenda
Introduction to Clock Domain
Crossing (CDC)
Basic Synchronizers
Datapaths and Reconvergence
Handshake Synchronization
Checking CDCs With Conformal

Agenda
Introduction to Clock Domain
Crossing (CDC)
Basic Synchronizers
Datapaths and Reconvergence
Handshake Synchronization
Checking CDCs With Conformal

What Is A Clock Domain

Crossing (CDC)?
Different clocks within a single design
Many possible reasons, here are a
few:
Complying with multiple protocols
SoC Integration:
IP from many
sources
Saving area/power, limiting fast clock use

Dangers when signals cross domains

Incorrect functionality if not synced
Not properly covered by validation

Review: Setup & Hold Time

Each flop has a setup and hold time
Setup time:
Time before clk edge
Hold time:
Time after clk edge
Data expected ready by setup time,
and
stable during hold time

Problems At Asynchronous
Clock Domain Crossings
When does new value arrive?
Source clk not coordinated with dest clk
Chance of arriving in setup/hold window
What does this mean?
Possibility of metastable (halfway) state
Value may settle either way
Multiple fanouts may detect different values

Why Discuss in FV Class?

CDC is low hanging fruit for FV vendor
Needs deeper analysis than typical linting
But light checks compared to hardcore FV
CDC often done with FV tools
Mentor 0in, Cadence Conformal, RealIntent

In other direction, Lint vendors

expanding to CDC: Synopsys LEDA,
Atrenta Spyglass

Some CDC checks may add

assertions

CDC Checks in Simulation

Simulation: inject random
metastability
Useful, but hard to get right
Sometimes delay a value change
Allow 1-cycle value to be missed
Depends on # of random tests
Technique beyond scope of this class
Class is on formal methods!

Agenda
Introduction to Clock Domain
Crossing (CDC)
Basic Synchronizers
Datapaths and Reconvergence
Handshake Synchronization
Checking CDCs With Conformal

How To Safely Cross

Domains?
Require synchronizer: structure
to reduce risk of metastability
Simplest synchronizer: two
flops
Metastability very unlikely:
second flop will
choose a value if first is metastable
One-cycle uncertainty in transition
Account for in the logic!

Basic CDC Checks

Structural:
Identify asynchronous CDCs
Note: synchronous signals are OK, little metastability
risk if properly timed
But same-frequency != synchronous
If no synchronizer, report error

Functional:
Assert signal held long enough
Due to uncertainty of capture time
Hold for 2+ receiver cycles: create assert
May need longer depending on relative freq
More detailed discussion in TOV lecture

Another Check: Combo Logic

Why is combo logic bad on sync

path?

Another Check: Combo Logic

Why is combo logic bad on sync path?

Remember: uncertain capture time
Suppose f1a and f1b both transition 01

Another Check: Combo Logic

Why is combo logic bad on sync path?

Remember: uncertain capture time
Suppose f1a and f1b both transition 01
For an instant, maybe f1a!=f1b
f2 == 1

Danger: False Negatives!

CDC can be a noisy check
Many reported unsynced crossings are OK
Common reasons for false negatives?

Danger: False Negatives!

CDC can be a noisy check
Many reported unsynced crossings are OK
Common reasons for false negatives?
Constant signals (VSS, VCC)
Near-constant signals
Parameters set during reset & never changed
Reset pins!

Alternate-mode signals
Valid in only some operating modes, includes clk
Scan and other ultra-slow interfaces

Use your tool carefully & specify these things!

Blind run rarely seen as valuable
Dont waste DE time reporting bogus errors

Agenda
Introduction to Clock Domain
Crossing (CDC)
Basic Synchronizers
Datapaths and Reconvergence
Handshake Synchronization
Checking CDCs With Conformal

Datapaths & Off-By-One Issue

What happens on transition from 000 to 111?

Datapath Problem
Each synchronizer may be off by a
cycle
All are independent
So during transition from 000 to 111, may
sense 001, 010, 011,
value!

or any other

Can we solve thru logic requirements?

Need to make sure only one bit can change
Then we know only real values are seen

Grey Codes: A Functional

Solution
Common solution to datapath issue
Allow only one bit to change at a time
Thus, any value seen *did* actually appear

From 000, can only go to: 100,010,001

And if the bit changes a cycle soon/late, only
a real value is seen

2-bit grey codes example:

00,01,11,10
Can check with generated assertions
Functional (FPV-like) check in general

SVA Assertion: Grey Code

Signal foo[6:0] is grey-coded
Can you translate to SVA?

SVA Assertion: Grey Code

Signal foo[6:0] is grey-coded
Can you translate to SVA?
gc_assert: assert property (
$countones(foo ^ $past(foo))
<= 1);

Reconvergence Problem
More general view of datapath issue
Problem: reconvergence of synced bits
CDC checks can flag cases
Is there a better way to synchronize?
Such that grey codes arent needed
Yes!
Have control signal coordinate data with mux

Mux-Based Sync

Agenda
Introduction to Clock Domain
Crossing (CDC)
Basic Synchronizers
Datapaths and Reconvergence
Handshake Synchronization
Checking CDCs With Conformal

Handshake/FIFO Protocols
Clock freq maybe configurable /
unknown
Hard to design previous syncs for all cases
Hard to properly check for all cases
Maybe sometimes overconservative
Solution: handshake protocols
Sender stores data in FIFO
Explicit request/response for data
More logic & harder to check, but powerful

Handshake Sync Example

(From Cadence white paper, see

References)

Agenda
Introduction to Clock Domain
Crossing (CDC)
Basic Synchronizers
Datapaths and Reconvergence
Handshake Synchronization
Checking CDCs With Conformal

Conformal CDC Checks

Included with Conformal license
Thats why we have it!
Set up env for Conformal version
8
zsh
source ~eseligma/startup.cadence8
Start lec with -verify option
Actually runs separate core binary
Dont try to do FEV in same session

Sample LEC CDC Do File

(Structural Checks)
read design <RTL design>
set clock_domain rule -derived either_phase -extract
add synchronization rule dff_sync -dff 2
infinity -sync_chain buffer -cdc_path
buffer single_destination -from -all -to
-all
add synchronization rule all2allmux2 -mux
0 0 -cdc_path buffer single_destination
-from -all -to -all
set cdc option -convergence_check
-structural -source -all add cdc
check
-all -from -all -to -all
destination
validate

Sample LEC CDC Do File

(Structural Checks)
read design <RTL design>
set clock_domain rule -derived -either_phase
extract
add clock 0 clk1
add clock 0 clk2
set sys mode verify
add synchronization rule dff_sync -dff 2 infinity sync_chain buffer -cdc_path buffer
single_destination -from -all -to -all
add synchronization rule all2allmux2 -mux 0 0 cdc_path buffer single_destination -from -all to -all
set cdc option -convergence_check
add cdc check -structural -source -all
-destination
-all -from -all -to -all
validate

Sample LEC CDC Do File

(Structural Checks)
read design <RTL design>
set clock_domain rule -derived -either_phase
extract
add clock 0 clk1
add clock 0 clk2
set sys mode verify
add synchronization rule dff_sync -dff 2 infinity sync_chain buffer -cdc_path buffer
single_destination -from -all -to -all
add synchronization rule all2allmux2 -mux 0 0 cdc_path buffer single_destination -from -all to -all
set cdc option -convergence_check
add cdc check -structural -source -all
-destination
-all -from -all -to -all
validate

Sample LEC CDC Do File

(Structural Checks)
read design <RTL design>
set clock_domain rule -derived -either_phase
extract
add clock 0 clk1
add clock 0 clk2
set sys mode verify
add synchronization rule dff_sync -dff 2 infinity sync_chain buffer -cdc_path buffer
single_destination -from -all -to -all
add synchronization rule all2allmux2 -mux 0 0 cdc_path buffer single_destination -from -all to -all
set cdc option -convergence_check
add cdc check -structural -source -all -destination
-all -from -all -to -all
validate

Sample LEC CDC Do File

(Structural Checks)
read design <RTL design>
set clock_domain rule -derived -either_phase
extract
add clock 0 clk1
add clock 0 clk2
set sys mode verify
add synchronization rule dff_sync -dff 2 infinity sync_chain buffer -cdc_path buffer
single_destination -from -all -to -all
add synchronization rule all2allmux2 -mux 0 0 cdc_path buffer single_destination -from -all to -all
set cdc option -convergence_check
add cdc check -structural -source -all
-destination
-all -from -all -to -all
validate

Sample LEC CDC Do File

(Structural Checks)
read design <RTL design>
set clock_domain rule -derived -either_phase
extract
add clock 0 clk1
add clock 0 clk2
set sys mode verify
add synchronization rule dff_sync -dff 2 infinity sync_chain buffer -cdc_path buffer
single_destination -from -all -to -all
add synchronization rule all2allmux2 -mux 0 0 cdc_path buffer single_destination -from -all to -all
set cdc option -convergence_check
add cdc check -structural -source -all
-destination
-all -from -all -to -all
validate

Debugging with Tools Menu:

Clock Domain Crossing

Diagnosing A Missing Sync

Diagnosing A Convergence
Issue

References / Further Reading

http://www.edadesignline.com/howto/205
2019 13;jsessionid=Y5OIFHG055FBKQSNDL
PSKH SCJUNN2JVN?pgno=1
http://w2.cadence.com/whitepapers/cdc_wp.pd
f
http://www.techonline.com/article/pdf/showPDF
inIE.jhtml?id=2069034541
http://www.design- reuse.com/articles/9482/re
ducing-false-errors- in-clock-domain-crossing
-analysis.html