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Limit of A Function

The document defines limits in mathematics and provides examples. It states that a limit is the value a function approaches as the input approaches some value. It then gives a formal epsilon-delta definition of a limit as the value L such that for any epsilon distance from L, there exists a delta distance from c where the function value is within epsilon of L. The document discusses one-sided limits, limits at infinity, and non-existent limits. It explains the importance of limits in developing calculus and real-life applications in fields like engineering.

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Ali Haider Fahad
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447 views15 pages

Limit of A Function

The document defines limits in mathematics and provides examples. It states that a limit is the value a function approaches as the input approaches some value. It then gives a formal epsilon-delta definition of a limit as the value L such that for any epsilon distance from L, there exists a delta distance from c where the function value is within epsilon of L. The document discusses one-sided limits, limits at infinity, and non-existent limits. It explains the importance of limits in developing calculus and real-life applications in fields like engineering.

Uploaded by

Ali Haider Fahad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS

MD. Ali Haider


Section: A.
ID: 150123.
BICT-2015 .

WHAT IS A LIMIT ??
In mathematics, a limit is the value that a
function or sequence "approaches" as the
input or index approaches some value .
Alimitis a certainvalueto which a function
approaches. Finding alimitusually means
fi nding whatvaluey is, as x approaches a
certain numbe r.

You would typical phrase it as something like


"thelimitof a function f(x) is 7 as x
approaches infi nity .

FORMAL DEFINITION OF A LIMIT


The

lim f ( x) L
x c

For any (as close as


you want to get to L)

There exists a (we can get as close as


necessary to c )

FORMAL DEFINITION OF A LIMIT


For any (as close as you want to get to L)

There exists a (we can get as close as necessary


to c
Such that

f ( x) L when x c

IMPORTANCE OF LIMIT
Math helps us model the world. We can break a
complex idea (a curve) into simpler parts (rectangles):

The thinner the rectangles, the more accurate the


model. The simpler model, built from rectangles, is
easier to analyze than dealing with the complex,
amorphous blob directly.

IMPORTANCE OF LIMIT
If the slices are too small to notice (zero width), then
the model appears identical to the original. Now
theres no benefi t.

Adding up zero-width slices will not get us anywhere.

We want the best of both: slices so thin we can not


see them and slices thick enough to create a simpler,
easier-to-analyze model.

HISTORY OF LIMIT
The modern idea of the limit of a function goes back
toBolzanowho, in 1817, introduced the basics of
theepsilon-deltatechnique to defi ne continuous
functions.
Bernard Bolzano (1781 1848)
Weierstrassfi rst introduced the epsilon-delta
defi nition of limit in the form it is usually
written today.
The modern notation of placing the arrow
below the limit symbol is due toHardyin his book A
Course of Pure Mathematics in 1908

ONE SIDED LIMITS


The limit of a function is called two-sided limit if it
requires the values of f(x) to get closer and closer to
a number as the values of x are taken from either
side of x=a.

However some functions exhibit diff erent behaviors


on the two sides of an x-value.

It is necessary to distinguish whether the values of x


near a are on the left side or on the right side of a for
purposes of investigating limiting behavior.

ONE SIDED LIMITS


Consider the
function
1

1,
f(x)

x 1,

x0
x0

As x approaches 0 from the right, the


values of f(x) approach a limit of 1,
and
similarly , as x approaches 0 from the
left, the values of f(x) approach a
limit of -1.

-1

In symbols
,
x
lim 1
xo x

x
and lim 1
xo x

ONE SIDED LIMITS

LIMITS AT INFINITY
If the values of the variable x increase without bound,
then we
.
x write

If the values of x decrease without bound, then we


write

f(x)

The behavior of a function


as x increases or
decreases without bound is sometimes called the end
behavior of the function.
For example ,

1
lim 0
x x

and

1
lim 0
x x

NON EXISTENT LIMITS


Limits may not exist at a specifi c point for a function.

1
y1( x)
2x

Consider the function as it approaches


x = 0.
We fi nd the limit fails to exist

f(x)

is unbounded at point 0.

REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS


Limitsare essential tocalculus and are used to
defi ne continuity, derivatives, and integrals.

We use Limit to determine Average Velocity(secant


line) and Instantaneous Velocity(tangent line).

Limits show up in many real-life calculations, such as


the calculation of continuously compound interest,
margin of error as applied to surveys or polls or
nearly anywhere a rate of change is important.

REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS


Engineering

Many aspects of civil engineering require calculus.


Derivation of the basic fl uid mechanics equations
requires calculus.

Volume is calculated as the area under the curve of a


plot of fl ow versus time and is accomplished using
calculus.

In structural engineering, calculus is used to


determine the forces in complex confi gurations of
structural elements.

THANK YOU!

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