Free Span Oscillation due to

Seabed irregularities (unevenness) during

installation (residual tension on span creation is

closely linked to the pipe weight).
Subsequent scouring(sand wave) and movement.
Seabed topography and composition (type of soil),
wave and current action and pipe properties.

Type of Span

End Condition Using in Free Span

Fixed- Pinned end condition may be assumed for

single spans. Fixed- Fixed may only be assumed if

validated be observed support condition.
"Fixed/Pinned" in this case is assumed to be the
average of "Fixed/Fixed and "Pinned/Pinned"
bending moments, on the basis that the end fixities
of a span are somewhere between the two cases but
it is difficult to determine exactly where.
When calculating permissible span lengths, the
assumed end conditions have a large impact on the
results.
The fixed/pinned assumption may not be accurate
when, for example, a pipeline spans between two
rock ridges. The support conditions might then be
closer to pinned/pinned; though the adjacent
sections of pipe will provide some restraint so that
the pipe section is not truly pinned/pinned.
Analytically, it is only possible to accurately
determine these effects with the use of an advanced
finite element analysis to accurately model the span
support conditions and axial effects.
It is obviously impractical to perform this type of
analysis on every span along the pipeline route.
However, it may be possible to build a "typical" FE
model to determine the magnitude of these effects
and modify the limiting span criteria.

A. DNV-1981
II. Criteria for Span Condition
Static Stress

In Line;

Vortex
Shedding
Induced
Vibration:

Bar Buckling

Cross Flow;

Fatigue.

1. Static Stress
Checked individual stress components, and the total

combined stress condition is also limited to maximum

percentage of the material SMYS (percentage is
variable according to pipeline loading condition).

2. Vortex Induced
Vibration
VIV

dependent
upon
the
pipe
and
span
characteristics, fluid flow around a pipeline span

can result in vortices occurring on the wake side

of the pipe. If vortices are of sufficient frequency,
they can produce significant pipeline oscillations.
The parameter assessment VIV is Reduced
Velocity (Vrr ).

< Vr < 2.2 symmetric vortex shedding

producing "In-Line" oscillations, i.e. parallel to
fluid flow.

2.2

< Vr < 3.5 alternate vortex shedding

causing "In-Line" oscillations (unstable);

 4.8 < Vr < 12.0 alternate vortex shedding causing

Cross Flow" oscillations i.e. perpendicular to fluid flow.

3. Bar Buckling
For a restrained pipeline, the pressure and

temperature
induced
axial
force
(compressive), if of sufficient magnitude,
may lead to beam mode buckling of the
pipeline

4. Fatigue
As mentioned previously, vortex shedding

induced span vibrations may be broadly divided

into two categories:

In-line;
Cross-flow.

Cross flow vibrations by their nature are almost

always high amplitude and consequently their

occurrence should be avoided at all costs, while
in-line vibrations are generally of smaller
amplitude and may be permissible. The criteria
for permitting in-line vibrations fall within
assessment of the pipeline fatigue and fatigue
usage requirements.

III. Calculation
Permissible span lengths for a
pipeline are calculated based on
each of the following criteria:

For each of these criteria the

permissible span length should
generally be calculated for each of
the following four load cases:

Static stress

Empty

Vortex
shedding (inline
vibrations)

Water filled

Vortex
shedding
(cross flow
vibrations)

Hydrotest

Bar buckling.

Operation

III. Calculation
2. Static stress
.Due

to its self-weight and lateral

hydrodynamic loading.
.The combined stresses should be checked
against the allowable levels of stress given
in the relevant codes, i.e.
is not
to exceed the permissible value.

.ep

.F = specified minimum yeild strengt

= usage factory as defined table below

.What are a and b ?

III. Calculation
Is function likes Operation ?

How about Functional

and
environmental ?

III. Calculation

III. Calculation

III. Calculation

III. Calculation
3. Vortex Shedding
a. Cross-Flow Vortex Shedding

III. Calculation

The Reduced Velocity (Vr ) parameter see figure below:

III. Calculation
b. In-Line Vortex Shedding
. Stability parameter is controlling the motion , K S

III. Calculation
Effective mass (mee) is function of Ca (add mass

coefficient).

Submerged Weight(Wsub
sub)

The relationship between VRR and the stability

parameter, KSS

1<Vr<3.5 and Ks<1.8 : resonant in-line vortex shedding

include oscillations may occur.

The possibility of fatigue damage from in-line VIVs may
therefore be ignored if this criteria is violation.
Vr > 4.7 and Ks <16 crow-flow oscillation may occur.
Cross-flow VIVs may be assumed not to occur if this criteria is
violation.

III. Calculation
The Reduced

Velocity for In-line

Vortex Shedding as
figure A.3
The calculation InLine Vortex
Shedding method is
now the same as for
the Cross Flow. i.e.

Other Method
The natural frequency based on document ANALYSIS OF SPANS FOR SUBMERGED PIPELINES

(Shell):

III. Calculation
4. Bar Bucking

III. Calculation
5. Fatigue

B. DNV-F105

Methodology

Methodology
1. The fundamental natural frequency (first Eigen

frequency) may be approximated by

2. The reduced velocity, VR, is defined as:

Methodology
3. Onset Span Lengths :
Given(for In Line Onset span
Length) finding Leff:
Given(for Cross flow Onset span Length) finding
Leff

What is this mean Onset ?

Check all the MathCAD file , the span length due to onset span
length is bigger/smaller span length due to Screening criteria.
Finding Vr (Reduced Velocity) ?.
Reduced Velocity for In Line Flow is defined in section 4.3.5 DNV RP
F105
Reduced Velocity for Cross Flow is defined in section 4.4.4 DNV RP
F105

Methodology
4. Screening Fatigue Criteria

The In-line natural frequencies fn,IL must fulfill:

The Cross-Flow natural frequencies fn,CF
must fulfill:

5. Given f11=fnIL
nIL finding maximum free

span length due to Inline flow.

Given f11=fnCL
nCL finding maximum free
span length due to CrossFLow.

Methodology
2. Fatigue Criterion
.??????????
3. ULS Criterion(Ultimate Limit State)
Local buckling check for a pipeline free span shall be in compliance
with the combined loading load controlled condition criteria in DNVOS-F101, Sec.5 or similar stress-based criteria in a recognised code.
Functional and environmental
bending moment, axial force and pressure shall be accounted for.
Simplifications are allowed provided verification is performed by more
advanced
modeling
a) Input
Data / analyses in cases where the ULS criteria become
governing.

Hoop Stress:

Methodology
Axial Force
Where:
H
pi=
=

= Effective (residual) lay tension

Internal pressure difference relative to as laid
Temperature difference relative to as laid

Characteristic plastic moment

Section D505
resistance:
Characteristic plastic axial force
resistance:
Section D505
Drag Force:
Where:

Other parameter is defined in DNV RP F105 , from section 5.4.4

to 5.4.8

Methodology
Inertial Force :
Where:

Other parameter is defined in DNV RP F105 , from section

5.4.10 to 5.4.13

The pressure containment resistance:

F101-Eq5.8
Characteristic
finding as: Eq.

collapse pressure is
5.10

Plastic Collapse Pressure: F101-Eq5.12

Elastic collapse pressure, see Eq. 5.11

Methodology

b) Load-Controlled Combined Loading Check

.

Pipe members subjected to bending moment, effective axial force and

external overpressure shall be designed to satisfy the following equation:

Applies for D/t2 <45, Pi>Pe

Where: Msd : The design moment is sum of maximum environmental
bending moment due to in-line and cross-flow VIV (Dynamic) and static
bending moment

Submerged Weight
Pcr Critical buckling load (positive
sign)
The stiffening effect of concrete
(CSF)coating may be accounted for by:

Methodology

Normalised Moment
Design effective axial force
.F=Functional Load factor (S4 G201)
.c=Condition Load factor (S4 G203)

Normalised Effective Force

Which calculation using Check?

Applies for D/t2 <45, Pi<Pe

c) Validity Check
Maximum length for response model
validity
Cross
flow deflection

Methodology and Summary

a
C. COMPARE TWO METHOD CALCULATION FREE SPAN

LENGTH

Coefficient

DNV 1981

DNV RP F105

1. Reduced
Velocity

Interpolate
for figure Equation (accurate)
(not accurate)

2. Static
Stress

Comparison
with
Yielding
Criteria, Von Misses Stress
included all parameters as:
Bending Stress
Hoop Stress
Hydrodynamic Load
Longitudinal Stress
Thermal Stress
Poisson Stress

ULS
check
(Combined
Loading Check) based on
parameters as:
Bending Moment
Hoop Stress
Hydrodynamic Load
Axial Force

Summary
Coefficient

DNV 1981

DNV RP F105

3.

Dynamic
Stress

Maximum span length based on the

excitation frequency (due to VrInterpolate for figure )

Maximum span length based on

Screening and Onset criteria

4.

Bar Buckling

Maximum span length based on axial

force

Not required,
checks.

5.

Fatigue Check

Required
(but
the
sequence
calculation of method is not finding)

Required when Screening Criteria is

violated.

6.

Validity
Check

Not required

Check the free span length is

smaller
140.D,
deflection
is
invalid/Ok, Bucking is not influence
the
response/
buckled
(Onset
Criteria).

7.

Result

Bigger (see example free span length

40m)

Smaller
<40m

summary

in

ULS

(i.e the number is smaller

Example

Example

Supplementary(wave)
1. Analytic wave theories
Wave Theories are developed for constant water depth d. The objective of a wave theory is
to determine the relationship between T and and the water particle motion throughout
the flow.

Supplementary (wave)
1. The different of wave theory
o.
o.
o.

st using sin/cos function

if Ur<48.35, Airy theory / Airy Lagrange / Stocker 1st
nd ,3rd
rd ,4th
th ,
Ur48.35 ,Cnoidal theory using Jacoby Eliptic function/ Stocker 2 nd
.n
Ur= ,Limit solitary wave.

Fig 1:Ranges of validity for

various
waveoftheories.
Detail
the wave theory ref DNV
RP C205

Supplementary (wave)
2. Defined Deep Water
. Deep water waves can be defined as those for

which
or more usefully:
. Shallow water waves can be defined as
. Intermediate water as other section.

or

Supplementary (wave)

Supplementary (wave)
3. Wave spectrum
classification

All
All the
the wave
wave theory:
theory: Airy,
Airy, stocker,
stocker, Cnoidal
Cnoidal and
and Solitary
Solitary are
are regular
regular kinematics
kinematics wave
wave
and
and wave
wave period
period T
T remains
remains constant
constant but
but reality
reality wave
wave always
always random
random field.
field.
I.
Classification wave
I.
Classification
wave spectrum
spectrum following
following specific
specific characteristics
characteristics wave
wave
.
Frequency spectrum;
spectrum;
. Frequency
.
. Direction
Direction spectrum;
spectrum;
.
. Energy
Energy Spectrum
Spectrum ;;
.
. Height
Height Spectrum.
Spectrum.
II.
Classification
II.
Classification wave
wave spectrum
spectrum following
following geographical
geographical name
name or
or famous
famous man
man
.
. Pierson
Pierson Mosskowitz
Mosskowitz spectrum
spectrum first
first time
time (P-M);
(P-M);
.
. Pierson
Pierson Mosskowitz
Mosskowitz spectrum
spectrum second
second time;
time;
.
. Bretschneider
Bretschneider
Mitsuyasu
Mitsuyasu spectrum
spectrum (B-M);
(B-M);
.
. Jonswap
Jonswap spectrum
spectrum (Joint
(Joint North
North Sea
Sea Wave
Wave Observation
Observation Project);
Project);
.
. Neumann
Neumann spectrum;
spectrum;
.
. Roll
Roll Fisher
Fisher spectrum;
spectrum;
.
. Storckelov
Storckelov spectrum;
spectrum;
.
Burling spectrum;
spectrum;
. Burling
.
Krulov spectrum;
spectrum;
. Krulov
.
Bretschneider spectrum;
spectrum;
. Bretschneider
.
Davidan spectrum.
spectrum.
. Davidan
III.
Classification
III.
Classification wave
wave spectrum
spectrum following
following water
water depth
depth
.
. Deep
Deep water;
water;
.
. Shallow
Shallow water;
water;

Supplementary (wave)
3. Wave spectrum
classification

Supplementary (wave)
4. Jonswap spectrum
The spectral density function