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Line Coding

Line codes are used to convert digital data to digital signals for transmission. There are three main categories of line coding: unipolar, polar, and bipolar. Unipolar uses two voltage levels of the same polarity, while polar uses two levels of opposite polarity. Common polar codes include NRZ, RZ, biphase, and bipolar AMI. NRZ maintains the signal level throughout each bit. RZ ensures a transition each bit. Biphase codes like Manchester provide clocking and synchronization.

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Sarath Menon C
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28 views

Line Coding

Line codes are used to convert digital data to digital signals for transmission. There are three main categories of line coding: unipolar, polar, and bipolar. Unipolar uses two voltage levels of the same polarity, while polar uses two levels of opposite polarity. Common polar codes include NRZ, RZ, biphase, and bipolar AMI. NRZ maintains the signal level throughout each bit. RZ ensures a transition each bit. Biphase codes like Manchester provide clocking and synchronization.

Uploaded by

Sarath Menon C
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Line codes

Various approaches for conversion of data to


signal

Line Coding
Line coding to convert digital data to digital
signal.

No of signal levels: This refers to the number values


allowed in a signal, known as signal levels, to
represent data.
Figure (a) shows Signal with two voltage levels and
(b) shows Signal with three voltage levels

Line Coding Techniques


Line coding techniques can be broadly divided into
three broad categories: Unipolar, Polar and Bipolar

Unipolar

Unipolar: In unipolar encoding technique, only two voltage levels are used.
It uses only one polarity of voltage level as shown in Fig. In this encoding
approach, the bit rate same as data rate.. It is simple but obsolete.

Polar
Polar: Polar encoding technique uses two voltage levels one
positive and the other one negative. Four different encoding
schemes under this category discussed below

Non Return to zero (NRZ)


Non Return to zero (NRZ): The most common and easiest way
to transmit digital signals is to use two different voltage levels
for the two binary digits.
Usually a negative voltage is used to represent one binary
value and a positive voltage to represent the other. The data is
encoded as the presence or absence of a signal transition at the
beginning of the bit time.
In NRZ encoding, the signal level remains same throughout
the bit-period. There are two encoding schemes in NRZ: NRZL and NRZ-I

NRZ-L and NRZ-I

The advantages of NRZ coding are:


Detecting a transition in presence of noise is more reliable
than to compare a value to a threshold.
NRZ codes are easy to engineer and it makes efficient use of
bandwidth.

Return to Zero (RZ)

Return to Zero (RZ): To ensure synchronization, there must be a signal


transition in each bit.
Key characteristics of the RZ coding are:
Three levels
Bit rate is double than that of data rate
Good synchronization
Main limitation is the increase in bandwidth

Biphase
Biphase: To overcome the limitations of NRZ
encoding, biphase encoding techniques can be
adopted.
Manchester and differential Manchester Coding are
the two common Biphase techniques in use.
In Manchester coding the mid-bit transition serves as
a clocking mechanism and also as data.

Manchester coding
In the standard Manchester coding there is a transition at the
middle of each bit period. A binary 1 corresponds to a low-tohigh transition and a binary 0 to a high-to-low transition in the
middle.

Differential Manchester Coding


In Differential Manchester, inversion in the middle of each bit
is used for synchronization. The encoding of a 0 is represented
by the presence of a transition both at the beginning and at the
middle and 1 is represented by a transition only in the middle
of the bit period.

Key characteristics are:


Two levels
Good synchronization

Higher bandwidth due to doubling of bit rate with respect to data


rate
The bandwidth required for biphase techniques are greater than that
of NRZ techniques, but due to the predictable transition during each
bit time, the receiver can synchronize properly on that transition.

Bipolar encoding
Bipolar encoding:Bipolar AMI uses three voltage levels.
Unlike RZ,the zero level is used to represent a 0 and a binary
1s are represented by alternating positive and negative
voltages.

Miller Encoding

It is encoding of binary data to form a two level signal where (a) a 0


causes no change of signal level unless it is followed by another 0 in
which case a transition to the other level takes place at the end of the fist
bit period , and (b) a 1 causes a transition from one level to other in the
middle of the first bit period.
It is also called as delay encoding.

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