GENERATIONS OF

COMPUTERS
GROUP 3
(ELECTRONIC DEVICE)

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 During the period of 1940

to 1956 first generation of
computers were
developed.
The first generation
computers used vacuum
tubes forcircuitry and
magnetic drums for
memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire
rooms.

Vacuum Tube
A vacuum tube is
a device
generally used to
amplify a signal
by controlling the
movement
ofelectronsin
anevacuated
space.

WHO INVENT THE VACUUM

TUBES?
First invented by a British scientist
named John A. Fleming in 1919,
although Edison had made some
dsicoveries while working on the
lightbulb.
The vacuum tube was improved by
Lee DeForest.

CHARACTERISTICS
1. First generation computers were based on
vacuum tubes.
2. The operating systems of the first generation
computers were very slow.
3. They were very large in size.
4. Production of the heat was in large amount in first
generation computers.
5. Machine language was used for programming.
6. First generation computers were unreliable.
7. They were difficult to program and use.

 First generation computers were

very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of
electricity, generated a lot of heat,
which was often the cause of
malfunctions.

 UNIVAC,EDVAC,EDSACandENIAC
computers are examples of first
generation computing devices.

UNIVAC
Universal Automatic Computer

Was the first commercially

general purpose electronic
computer
Developed by John Eckert
and John Mauchly at
theMooreSchool of
Engineering, Pennsylvania in
1951.
It was used for the analysis
of 1952 Presidential Election
in the United States.

 It was 8 feet high,15 feetlong

and weighed 5 tons. It
contained 5600 tubes,
18000crystaldiodes, and 300
relays. A magnetic tape was
used for data input and
output.
It was 8 feet high,15 feetlong
and weighed 5 tons. It
contained 5600 tubes,
18000crystaldiodes, and 300
relays. A magnetic tape was
used for data input and
output.

ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
was designed by John
Mauchly and John Presper
Eckert in 1946 at the Moore
School ofElectrical
Engineering, University of
Pennsylvania
was the first electronic
computer
initiallybuiltfor the United
States military to calculate
the paths of artillery shells

 It contained 18000 vacuum

tubes, 7200 crystal diodes,
1500 relays, 70000
resistors, 10000capacitor
sand around 5 million handsoldered joints.
It weighed nearly 30 tons
and consumed 160 kW of
power.
Input was possible from an
IBMcardreader while an
IBM punchcardwas used
for output.

EDVAC
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Developed by John
Von Neumann
John Mauchly and
J.P. Eckert also
proposed the
development of
EDVAC
it used binary
number rather than
decimal has stored
program capability

 it used binary number

rather than decimal
EDVAC had almost 6000
vacuum tubes and
12000diodes. It
consumed 56kW of
power.
It covered 490 feet
square of floor and
weighed 7850kg.

EDSAC
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
developed by a
group of
scientists,headedby
ProfessorMauriceWil
kes atCambridge
University, England,
in 1949.
one of the first
stored-program
machine computers
and one of the first to
use binary digits

 It could do about 700

additions per second and
200 multiplications per
second

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 The second generation computers

emerged with development of
Transistors
A transistor is a small device made
up of semiconductor material like
germanium and silicon
The transistor made the second
generation computers faster,
smaller, cheaper, more energyefficient and more reliable than
their first-generation computers.
Even though the transistor used in
the computer generated enormous
amount of heat which ultimately
would lead to the damage of the
computers but was far better than
vacuum tubes.

 Second generation
computers used the low
level language i.e.
machine level language
and assembly language
which made the
programmers easier to
specify the instructions.
Second generation
computer has faster
input /output devices
which thus brought
improvement in the
computer.

WHO INVENTED THE

TRANSISTORS?
The firsttransistorwas invented at
Bell Laboratories on December 16,
1947 by William Shockley (seated at
Brattain's laboratory bench), John
Bardeen (left) and Walter Brattain
(right).

CHARACTERISTICS
Transistors were used in place of vacuum tubes.
Second generation computers were smaller in
comparison with the first generation computers.
They were faster in comparison with the first
generation computers.
They generated less heat and were less prone to
failure.
They took comparatively less computational time.
Assembly language was used for programming.
Second generation computers has faster
input/output devices.

 IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 650, IBM

1401, ATLAS and Mark III are the
examples of second generation
computers.

IBM
International Business Machines

By 1960, IBM was

the dominant
force in the
market of large
mainframe
computers

IBM 650
built in the year
1953 by IBM and
marked the
dominance of IBM in
the computer
industry.

IBM 701
IBMs 1st
commercial
business
computer

NCR
NATIONAL CASH RESGISTER
NCR 304
NCRs firsttransistor
based computer
The system was used
to maintain personal
and equipment
records.
The first commercial
buyer of the NCR 304
computer was
R.H.Macy and Co
department store in
New York.

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 The third generation

computers emerged with the
development of IC (Integrated
Circuits)
The invention of the IC was
thegreatestachievement done
in the period of third
generation of computers
It was invented by Robert
Noyce and Jack Kilby in 195859.
Transistors were miniaturized
and placed on silicon chips,
called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed
and efficiency of computers.

 Keyboards and monitors developed

during the period of third generation of
computers.

 The third generation computers

interfaced with an operating
system, which allowed the device
to run many
differentapplications at one time
with a central program that
monitored the memory.

CHARACTERISTICS
IC was used instead of transistors in
the third generation computers.
Third generation computers were
smaller in size and cheaper as
compare to the second generation
computers.
They were fast andmore reliable.
High levellanguage was developed.
Magnetic core and solid states as
main storage.
They were able to reduce
computational time and had low
maintenance cost.
Input/Output devices became more
sophisticated.

 PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900,IBM360

andIBM370 are the examples of
third generation computers.

PDP-8
PROGRAMMABLE DATA PROCESSOR

The PDP-8 was the first

successful commercial
minicomputer,
produced by DEC
(Digital Equipment
Corporation) in the
60s,
It was invented by
Gordon Bell and Edson
De Castro

What Was it Used For?

Engineers used the inexpensive PDP-8 in
many varied applications, such as the control
of the news display in New Yorks Times
Square, inexpensive time sharing at
Carnegie Mellon University, signal analysis in
physics labs, and lighting control in New
Yorks Shubert Theater for the musical A
Chorus Line.

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 Thefourth generation computers

were the extension of third
generation technology.
Thefourthgeneration computers
emerged with development of the
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration).
With the help of VLSI technology
microprocessor came into existence.

 The computers were designed by using

microprocessor, as thousands of integrated
circuits werebuiltonto a single siliconchip.
In the first generation filled an entire room
could now fit in the palm of the hand.
Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time,
Multi-programming Operating System were
used.
Thefourthgeneration computers became
more powerful, compact, reliable and
affordable. As a result, they give rise to
personal computer (PC) revolution.

CHARACTERISTICS

thefourthgeneration computers have

microprocessor-based systems.
They are thecheapestamong all the computer
generation.
The speed,accuracyand reliability of the
computers were improved infourthgeneration
computers.
Many high-level languages were developed in
thefourthgeneration such asCOBOL, FORTRAN,
BASIC, PASCAL andC language.
A Further refinement of input/output devices was
developed.
Networking between the systems was developed.

The examples offourthgeneration

computers
IBM 4341
DEC 10
CRAY-1
PDP 11
APPLE II

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 Fifth generation computers are in

developmental stage which is
based on the artificial intelligence.
The goal of the fifth generation is
to develop the device which could
respond to natural language input
and are capable of learning and
self-organization..
Quantumcomputationandmolecu
larand nanotechnology will be
used in this technology. So we can
say that the fifth generation
computers will have the power of
human intelligence.

CHARACTERISTICS
The fifth generation computers will use
superlarge scaleintegrated chips.
They will have artificial intelligence.
They will be able to recognize image and
graphs.
Fifth generation computer aims to be able to
solve highly complex problem including
decision making, logical reasoning.
They will be able to use more than one CPU
for faster processing speed.
Fifth generation computers are intended to
work with natural language.

Artificial intelligence
includes:
Games Playing

programming computers to play

games such as chess and
checkers.

 Expert Systems
programming computers to
make decisions in real-life
situations (for example, some
expert systems help doctors
diagnose diseases based on
symptoms)

 Natural Language
programming computers to
understand natural human
languages

 Neural Networks
Systems that simulate
intelligence by attempting to
reproduce the types of
physical connections that
occur in animal brains

 Robotics
programming computers to
see and hear and react to
other sensory stimuli

REPORTER.