MATTER

yes
MIXTURE
yes

Is the composition
uniform?

Homogeneous
Mixture
(solution)

PURE SUBSTANCE
no

Heterogeneous
Mixture

Colloids

no

Can it be physically
separated?

yes

Can it be chemically
decomposed?

Compound

Suspensions

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no

Element

Both elements and compounds have a definite makeup and definite properties.

Elements
only one kind
of atom; atoms
are bonded it
the element
is diatomic or
polyatomic

substance
with
definite
makeup
and
properties

Packard, Jacobs, Marshall, Chemistry Pearson AGS Globe, page (Figure 2.4.1)

Compounds
two or
more kinds
of atoms
that are
bonded

Mixtures
two or
more
kinds of
and

two or more
substances
that are
physically
mixed

Matter Flowchart
Examples:
graphite

element

pepper

hetero. mixture

sugar (sucrose)

compound

paint

hetero. mixture

soda

solution
homo. mixture
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Pure Substances
Element
composed of identical atoms
EX: copper wire, aluminum foil

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Pure Substances
Compound
composed of 2 or more elements
in a fixed ratio
properties differ from those of
individual elements
EX: table salt (NaCl)

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Pure Substances
Law of Definite Composition
A given compound always contains the same,
fixed ratio of elements.

Law of Multiple Proportions

Elements can combine in different ratios to
form different compounds.

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Pure Substances
For example

Carbon, C

Carbon, C

Oxygen, O

Oxygen, O

Oxygen, O

Carbon monoxide, CO

Carbon dioxide, CO 2

Two different compounds,

each has a definite composition.
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Mixtures
Variable combination of two or more
pure substances.

Heterogeneous

Homogeneous

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Mixtures
Solution
homogeneous
very small particles
no Tyndall effect

Tyndall Effect

particles dont settle

EX: rubbing alcohol

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Mixtures
Colloid
heterogeneous
medium-sized particles
Tyndall effect
particles dont settle
EX: milk

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Mixtures
Suspension
heterogeneous
large particles
Tyndall effect
particles settle
EX: fresh-squeezed
lemonade

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Mixtures
Examples:
mayonnaise

colloid

muddy water

suspension

fog

colloid

saltwater

solution

Italian salad
dressing

suspension

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Classification of Matter

Homogeneous
Heterogeneous

Sp
ec
ifi
c

/G

en
er

al

Materials

Element

Substance

Compound

Homogeneous
mixture

Heterogeneous
mixture

Solution

Order / Disorder
Smoot, Smith, Price, Chemistry A Modern Course, 1990, page 43

Mixture

Classification of Matter
MATTER
(gas. Liquid,
solid, plasma)

Separated by

PURE
SUBSTANCES

MIXTURES
physical means into

Separated by

COMPOUNDS

ELEMENTS
chemical
means into

Kotz & Treichel, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 3rd Edition , 1996, page 31

HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURES

HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURE

Classification of Matter
uniform
properties?

fixed
composition?

chemically
decomposable?

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld003.htm

no

heterogeneous
mixture

no

solution

no

element

yes

compound

Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

hydrogen
atoms

oxygen atoms

(a)
an element
(hydrogen)

(b)
a compound
(water)

hydrogen
atoms

Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68

(c)
a mixture
(hydrogen
and oxygen)

(d)
a mixture
(hydrogen
and oxygen)

Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

hydrogen
atoms

oxygen atoms

(a)
an element
(hydrogen)

(b)
a compound
(water)

hydrogen
atoms

Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68

(c)
a mixture
(hydrogen
and oxygen)

(d)
a mixture
(hydrogen
and oxygen)

Mixture vs. Compound

Different

Alike

Variable
Composition

Involve
substances

Topic
No bonds
between
components

Can be
separated by
physical means

Mixture

Different
Fixed
Composition

Topic
Contain
two or more
elements

Can be
separated
into
elements

Compound

Bonds
between
components

Can ONLY be
separated by
chemical means

Compounds vs. Mixtures

Compounds have properties that are
uniquely different from the elements from
which they are made.
A formula can always be written for a compound
e.g. NaCl Na + Cl2

Mixtures retain their individual properties.

e.g. Salt water is salty and wet

Diatomic Elements, 1 and 7

H2
N2 O2 F 2
Cl2
Br2
F2

Products made from Sulfur

SULFURIC
ACID 88%

CARBON
DISULFIDE 3%
Magazines and printing papers
Writing and fine papers
Wrapping and bag papers
Sanitary and tissue papers
Absorbent papers

Insecticides
Fungicides
Rubber vulcanizing
Soil sulfur

GROUND &
DEFINED 3%
PULP 3%

H
OT

ER

IRON & STEEL 1%

OT
HE
RI
ND
US
TR
IES
6%

3%

CHEMICAL 17%

NONACID 12%

Synthetic detergents
Feed additives
Specialty steels
Anti-knock gasoline
Magnessium
Synthetic resins
Leather processing
Protective coating
Photography
Dyestuffs
Dyestuffs
Oil well acidizing
Bleaching
Petroleum catalysts
Soybean extraction

Aluminum reduction
Paper sizing
Water treatment
Pharmaceuticals
Insecticides
Antifreeze

3%
M
FI L
ER
N&
OT H
YO
RA M AND TS 5%
NIU GMEN
TITA
PI

Rayon
Cellophane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Ruber processing
chemicals

Containers and boxes

Newsprint
Pulp for rayon and film

Superphosphates
Ammonium phosphate
Ammonium sulfate
Mixed fertilizers

Autos
Appliances
Tin and other containers
Galvanized products

PETROLEUM 2%

Explosives
Tire
Nonferrous metals
cords
Synthetic rubber
Viscose
Storage batteries
Paints and
Aviation
textiles
Textile finishing
enamels
Gasoline
Acetate
Linoleum and
textiles
coated fabrics
Lubricants
Blended
Paper
fabrics
Printing inks
Other
Cellophane
Refinery
Photographic
products
film

 Rhombic sulfur
Brimstone (when
molten)
Polyatomic (S8)
Forms SO2

Sulfur

Amorphous sulfur
(without shape)

The sudden cooling of -sulfur

produces amorphous sulfur.

Crystalline

Amorphous
(Glass)

The Haber Process

Matter
Matter

Physically
separable

Substance
Substance

Definite
Definitecomposition
composition
(homogeneous)
(homogeneous)

Element
Element

(Examples: iron, sulfur,

(Examples: iron, sulfur,
carbon, hydrogen,
carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, silver)
oxygen, silver)

Chemically
separable

Mixture
Mixtureof
of
Substances
Substances

Variable
Variablecomposition
composition

Compound
Compound

(Examples: water.
(Examples: water.
iron (II) sulfide, methane,
iron (II) sulfide, methane,
Aluminum silicate)
Aluminum silicate)

Homogeneous mixture
Homogeneous mixture
Uniform throughout,
Uniform throughout,
also called a solution
also called a solution
(Examples: air, tap water,
(Examples: air, tap water,
gold alloy)
gold alloy)

Heterogeneous mixture
Heterogeneous mixture
Nonuniform
Nonuniform
distinct phases
distinct phases
(Examples: soup,
(Examples: soup,
concrete, granite)
concrete, granite)

The Organization of Matter

MATTER

HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURES

HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURE

Physical methods

PURE
SUBSTANCES

ELEMENTS
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 41

Chemical
methods

COMPOUNDS

Top Ten
Ten Elements
Elements
Top

in the
the Universe
Universe
in
Element
1. Hydrogen
2. Helium
3. Oxygen
4. Carbon
5. Neon
6. Iron
7. Nitrogen
8. Silicon
9. Magnesium
10. Sulfur

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 26

Percent
(by atoms)
73.9
24.0
1.1
0.46
0.13
0.11
0.097
0.065
0.058
0.044

A typical spiral galaxy

(Milky Way is a spiral galaxy)

The Composition of Air

Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Helium
Helium

Neon
Neon

Oxygen
Oxygen

Water
Water
vapor
vapor

Air
Air

Carbon
Carbon
dioxide
dioxide
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 34

Argon
Argon

Chart Examining Some Components of Air

Nitrogen consists of molecules consisting of
two atoms of nitrogen:

N2

Oxygen consists of molecules consisting of

two atoms of oxygen:

O2

Water consists of molecules consisting of two

hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom:

H2O

Argon consists of individual argon atoms:

Ar

Carbon dioxide consists of molecules consisting

of two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom:

CO2

Neon consists of individual neon atoms:

Helium consists of individual helium atoms:
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 35

Ne
He

Reviewing Concepts
Classifying Matter

Why does every sample of a given substance

have the same properties?
Explain why the composition of an element is
fixed.
Describe the composition of a compound.
Why can the properties of a mixture vary?
On what basis can mixtures be classified as
solutions, suspensions, or colloids?