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Asynchrono Us and Synchronou S: Prepared By: Parackattu - Akhil.B Dept: Electronic and Communication

This document provides an overview of asynchronous and synchronous communication. Asynchronous communication does not require a constant bit rate and transmits data intermittently with start and stop bits. Synchronous communication transmits data in a steady stream using synchronized clocks, requiring no start/stop bits but allowing higher data rates. Asynchronous communication has overhead from additional bits while synchronous communication requires precisely synchronized clocks.

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19 views17 pages

Asynchrono Us and Synchronou S: Prepared By: Parackattu - Akhil.B Dept: Electronic and Communication

This document provides an overview of asynchronous and synchronous communication. Asynchronous communication does not require a constant bit rate and transmits data intermittently with start and stop bits. Synchronous communication transmits data in a steady stream using synchronized clocks, requiring no start/stop bits but allowing higher data rates. Asynchronous communication has overhead from additional bits while synchronous communication requires precisely synchronized clocks.

Uploaded by

Akashdeep Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ASYNCHRONO

US AND
SYNCHRONOU
S
..

Prepared by :
Parackattu.Akhil.B
Dept : Electronic And
Communication

NEED OF SYNCHRONIZATION.
Whenever an electronic device transmits digital (and
sometimes analogue) data to another electronic device.
There must be a certain rhythm established between the two
devices, i.e., the receiving device must have some way of
knowing, within the context of the fluctuating signal that it's
receiving.
where each unit of data begins and where it ends.
So there two types synchronization.
i.

Asynchronous.

ii. Synchronous.

ASYNCHRONOUS.
In asynchronous the transmission of data is generally
without the use of an external clock signal, where data can
be transmitted intermittently rather than in a steady stream.
Any timing required to recover data from the communication
symbols is encoded within the symbols.
The most significant aspect of asynchronous
communications is that data is not transmitted at regular
intervals, thus making possible variable bit rate.
And that the transmitter and receiver clock generators do
not have to be exactly synchronized all the time.

PHYSICAL LAYER.
In asynchronous serial communication the physical
protocol layer, the data blocks are code words of a certain
word length.
For example octets (bytes) or ASCII characters, delimited
by start bits and stop bits.
A variable length space can be inserted between the code
words. No bit synchronization signal is required.
This is sometimes called character oriented
communication.

TWO CATEGORIES OF
ASYNCHRONOUS.
Strobe Control.
Handshaking Control.

Strobe control.
This is one way of transfer i.e. by mean of strobe pulse supplied by one
of the units to indicate to the unit when the transfer has to occur.
Handshaking control.
This method is used to accompany each data item being transferred
with a control signal. That indicates presence of data into the bus.

STROBE CONTROL METHOD.


Strobe control method of data transfer uses single control signal for
each transfer.
The strobe may be activated by either source unit or destination unit

Data bus
Source
Unit

Destination
Unit
Strobe

HANDSHAKING CONTROL METHOD.


In case source unit the data transfer under the strobe. The source unit has
no way of knowing whether destination unit has received the data or not
Similarly destination has no way of knowing whether source unit has place
data on the data bus or not
So handshaking mechanism solve this problem by introducing second
control signal that provides a reply to unit that initiates to transfer.
Data valid
Source
unit

Data Bus
Data Accepted

Data
Unit

BLOCK DIAGRAM.

sender

stop

Data

Start

Here the data is transmitted intermittently rather than in a steady stream.

Receive
r

APPLICATION.
Asynchronous activities take place outside of real time
system.
As asynchronous does not require a constant bit rate.
For examples file transfer, email and the World Wide Web.

DRAWBACKS.
Overhead of start and stop bits.
Asynchronous transmission is relatively slow due to the
increased number of bits and gaps.

SYNCHRONOUS.
In Synchronous the transmission of data is sent in a continuous stream
at a constant rate.
Synchronous communication requires that the clocks in the
transmitting and receiving devices are synchronized running at the
same rate.
so the receiver can sample the signal at the same time intervals used
by the transmitter. No start or stop bits are required.
For this reason synchronous communication permits more information
to be passed over a circuit per unit time.

TWO CATEGORIES OF SYNCHRONOUS


Byte oriented protocols
Bit oriented protocols

Byte Oriented Protocol.


Early synchronous protocols were byte-oriented protocols, where
synchronization was maintained by transmitting a sequence of
synchronous idle characters.
when the line was not actively transmitting data or transparently
within a long transmission block.
This protocol was developed by IBM in late 1960.

BIT ORIENTED PROTOCOL.


Bit-oriented protocols are synchronous protocols that view the
transmitted data as a stream of bits with no semantics, or meaning.

Control codes are defined in terms of bit sequences instead of


characters. Synchronization is maintained on an idle line by
transmitting a predefined sequence of bits.

Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) specifies that a station continue


transmitting a sequence of '1' bits on an idle line.

BLOCK DIAGRAM.
Sender

DATA

Here data is transmitted in a steady stream.

Receiver

Over time the transmitting and receiving clocks will tend to


drift apart, requiring resynchronization.
Synchronous communication is direct communication that
occurs in real time.
That take place face-to-face, and as technology has
evolved, can take place irrespective of distance
(ex. telephone conversations and instant messaging)

APPLICATION.
Most common use is in the ASCII terminals.
High speeds communication links established using
synchronous modems.

DRAWBACKS.
The clock frequency should be same at both the sending
and receiving ends.
No tolerance in clock frequency is allowed.

THANK YOU

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