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Per Unit System 2016

Baik, berikut langkah-langkahnya: 1. Dasar tegangan generator = 18 kV 2. Rating daya generator = 500 MVA 3. Dasar tegangan sistem = 20 kV 4. Dasar daya sistem = 100 MVA 5. Reaktansi generator (persen) = 25% 6. Reaktansi generator (ohm) = 25% * 18kV^2 / 500MVA = 0.09 ohm 7. Reaktansi generator (pu, berdasarkan dasar generator) = 0.09/0.09 = 1 pu 8. Reaktansi generator (pu,

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124 views18 pages

Per Unit System 2016

Baik, berikut langkah-langkahnya: 1. Dasar tegangan generator = 18 kV 2. Rating daya generator = 500 MVA 3. Dasar tegangan sistem = 20 kV 4. Dasar daya sistem = 100 MVA 5. Reaktansi generator (persen) = 25% 6. Reaktansi generator (ohm) = 25% * 18kV^2 / 500MVA = 0.09 ohm 7. Reaktansi generator (pu, berdasarkan dasar generator) = 0.09/0.09 = 1 pu 8. Reaktansi generator (pu,

Uploaded by

Jalu Prasetyo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Per Unit System

Per-Unit Representation
The per unit representation of system allows one to conveniently calculate
system performance.
The numerical per unit value of any quantity to the chosen base quantity of the
same dimensions.
A per unit quantity is, therefore, a NORMALIZED quantity with respect to a
chosen base.

Purpose
Fundamental to any power system analysis is the know-how of per unit
systems. This metric is widely used to describe voltages, currents, and
impedances in a power system. This article, supplemented by an example,
will explain step by step how to calculate these parameters for any
component anywhere in the power system. Lets begin with the purpose.

1. Transformers and per unit


systems
The reason the per unit system is employed is because it simplifies calculation of
currents. Imagine a 3-phase system with a generator, a transformer, a T-line, another
transformer, and a load. Every time you cross the transformers, the currents and
voltages change. The impedance of the transformer referred to the primary side is
different from the impedance of the same transformer referred to the secondary side. It
is imperitive to use the appropriate impedance based on which side of the transformer
you are on,which if not accounted for, introduces serious calculation errors.
Using actual values are fine if not for the transformers. They complicate matters.
Generators and motors, like transformers, have different impedance when referred to
either stator or rotor winding.
Deriving a per unit impedance values for these components enables easy calculation.
This is because the per unit value remains the same whether you are on the primary
side or the secondary side of the equipment.

2. The sqrt of 3 factor


The second factor in choosing per unit systems is the avoidance of \sqrt3
factor in the calculations. If you have ever tried calculating either the sending
end voltage or the receiving end voltage in a system, you would know how
important it is to factor in the \sqrt3 multiplier. This is because the voltages
are always specified in phase to phase (L-L) values while the voltage drop
across the impedances are calculated on per phase (L-N) basis. You will have
to use \sqrt3 factor extensively to switch between L-L and L-N values.
When using the per unit system, a 3-phase balanced network is reduced to a
1-phase equivalent where the \sqrt3 isnt even in the picture. So have fun
calculating stuff.

3. Intuition enabler
The third factor is the meaning expressed by the per unit values. Look at the
figure below.
What does it tell about the system voltage profile?

The generator is generating 5% above rated voltage. The load at bus


C has no drop in voltage (1 pu) while the load at bus B sees 5% drop
in voltage. Essentially, the voltage drops as you move away from the
generator and closer to the load.It is easier to visualize this using per
units than using actual values since the per unit values are
normalized.
Also, someone with experience knows what the per unit values,
especially impedance, of certain transformers or other devices in the
system could be. It is easier for him or her to analyze the system by
making reasonable assumptions.

What is a per unit value?


The per unit of any quantity, be it
voltage, current, or impedance is given
by the following equation:
Pretty straight forward equation. You
have your actual value that you are
trying to convert and a base value that is
calculated from the given quantities like
apparant power (S) and system voltage
(V).

Step by step
1. Assume a Sbase for the entire system.
2. The Vbase is defined by the transformer and any off-nominal tap setting it
may have.
3. Zbase is derived from the Sbase and Vbase.
4. The new per unit impedance is obtained by converting the old per unit
impedance on old base values to new ones. See equations (2) and (3).

The equivalent impedance


diagram

To obtain the new normalized per unit impedances, first we need to figure out the base
values (Sbase, Vbase, Zbase) in the power system. Following steps will lead you through
the process.

Step 1: Assume a system base


Assume a system wide S_{base} of 100MVA. This is a random assumption
and chosen to make calculations easy when calculating the per unit
impedances.
So, S_{base} = 100MVA

Step 2: Identify the voltage base


Voltage base in the system is
determined by the transformer. For
example, with a 22/220kV voltage
rating of T1 transformer, the
V_{base} on the primary side of T1 is
22kV while the secondary side is
220kV. It does not matter what the
voltage rating of the other
components are that are
encompassed by the V_{base} zone.
See figure below for the voltage
bases in the system.

Step 3: Calculate the base


impedance
The base impedance is calculated
using the following formula:

Step 4: Calculate the per unit


impedance
The per unit impedance is calculated
using the following formulas:

Latihan Soal
Reaktansi sebuah generator adalah 25%, didasarkan pada rating yang tertera
pada pelat generator tsb, yaitu 18 kV dan 500 MVA. Dasar untuk
perhitungannya adalah 20 kV, 100 MVA. Hitunglah reaktansi (pu) yang baru.
Berapakah nilai reaktansi realnya?

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