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    Ofdm Project

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    FloraDas
    This document presents a final year project on comparing OFDM using QPSK and QAM modulation techniques in a noisy environment. It was submitted by 4th year BTech ECE students and their project guide at the Future Institute of Engineering and Management in Kolkata. The project includes an introduction to OFDM, its history and advantages. It describes the OFDM transceiver block diagram and the role of the IFFT. Simulation results using MATLAB show the effect of modulation on bit error rate and PAPR. Analysis finds QPSK has better BER performance than QAM. The conclusion is that the analysis yields logical results on OFDM. Future applications and scopes are also discussed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Ofdm Project

    Uploaded by

    FloraDas
    315 views19 pages
    This document presents a final year project on comparing OFDM using QPSK and QAM modulation techniques in a noisy environment. It was submitted by 4th year BTech ECE students and their project guide at the Future Institute of Engineering and Management in Kolkata. The project includes an introduction to OFDM, its history and advantages. It describes the OFDM transceiver block diagram and the role of the IFFT. Simulation results using MATLAB show the effect of modulation on bit error rate and PAPR. Analysis finds QPSK has better BER performance than QAM. The conclusion is that the analysis yields logical results on OFDM. Future applications and scopes are also discussed.

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    55548176 Ofdm Project Ppt

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    This document presents a final year project on comparing OFDM using QPSK and QAM modulation techniques in a noisy environment. It was submitted by 4th year BTech ECE students and their project guide at the Future Institute of Engineering and Management in Kolkata. The project includes an introduction to OFDM, its history and advantages. It describes the OFDM transceiver block diagram and the role of the IFFT. Simulation results using MATLAB show the effect of modulation on bit error rate and PAPR. Analysis finds QPSK has better BER performance than QAM. The conclusion is that the analysis yields logical results on OFDM. Future applications and scopes are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    315 views19 pages

    Ofdm Project

    Uploaded by

    FloraDas
    This document presents a final year project on comparing OFDM using QPSK and QAM modulation techniques in a noisy environment. It was submitted by 4th year BTech ECE students and their project guide at the Future Institute of Engineering and Management in Kolkata. The project includes an introduction to OFDM, its history and advantages. It describes the OFDM transceiver block diagram and the role of the IFFT. Simulation results using MATLAB show the effect of modulation on bit error rate and PAPR. Analysis finds QPSK has better BER performance than QAM. The conclusion is that the analysis yields logical results on OFDM. Future applications and scopes are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that OFDM is a digital modulation technique that can support high speed video and audio transmission with elimination of ISI and ICI. It also supports multi-user transmission with spectral efficiency. OFDM has applications in digital audio/video broadcasting and wireless LAN.

    The main advantages of OFDM are efficient spectrum usage, elimination of ISI and ICI through cyclic prefixing, and robustness to frequency selective fading. The main disadvantages are sensitivity to frequency offset and phase noise, and high peak-to-average power ratio reducing power efficiency.

    Applications of OFDM discussed are digital audio broadcasting, digital video broadcasting, and wireless local area networks.

    FUTURE INSTITUTE OF

    ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT


    KOLKATA

    FINAL YEAR PROJECT PRESENTATION


    ON

    A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OFDM USING


    QPSK & QAM AS MODULATION
    TECHNIQUES IN NOISY ENVIRONMENT
    SUBMITTED BY 4th YEAR B.TECH ECE STUDENTS: SHEIKH ASIF ISMAIL(roll-071480103039)
    DEBARKA CHAKRABORTY(roll-071480103044)
    ATANU DAS(roll-071480103043)
    SWARNAVA BERA(roll-071480103055)
    Project Guide
    KALYAN DEY(roll-071480103058)
    DEBASHIS CHAKRABORTY
    ARNAB PODDER(roll-071480103078)
    ASST. PROF., ECE DEPT

    CONTENTS
    Introduction
    History of OFDM
    Why OFDM
    Theory
    OFDM Transceiver Block diagram
    Serial to Parallel Conversion
    Role of IFFT in OFDM
    MATLAB Coding
    MATLAB Simulation Results
    The Comparative Analysis-QAM vs QPSK
    Advantages & Disadvantages
    Applications
    Conclusion
    Future Scope

    INTRODUCTION

    The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a wide band wireless


    digital communication technique i.e. based on block modulation. With the
    wireless multimedia applications becoming more & more popular, the required
    bit rates are achieved due to OFDM multi carrier transmissions.
    The OFDM digital modulation technique can support high speed video
    communication along with audio with elimination of ISI & ICI. At the same time
    it supports multi user technique where it can accommodate more number of users
    showing spectral efficiency. It is a multiplexing access scheme that has many
    favourable features required for 4th generation wireless communication system.

    HISTORY OF OFDM
    Orthogonal Frequency Division
    Multiplexing(OFDM),a special form of Multi-Carrier
    Modulation(MCM),with densely spaced subcarriers and
    overlapping spectra was patented in the US in 1966 by
    Chang,Bell
    .
    The principleLabs
    of OFDM
    was already around in the 50s & 60s but
    system implementation was delayed due to some technological
    difficulties like digital implementations of FFT & IFFT which was
    not possible to solve then.
    Weinstein and Ebert proposed the
    197
    .
    use of
    Fast Fourier
    1
    Transform(FFT) and guard interval.
    OFDM was described for mobile
    19
    communication
    85
    Alar and Lasalle suggested the use of
    19
    OFDM for digital broadcasting

    87
    199
    7

    Digital Video Broadcast


    was created

    WHY OFDM
    OneofthemainreasonstouseOFDMistoincrease
    robustness
    against
    frequency
    selectivefadingornarrowbandinterference.
    Ina single-carrier system, a single fade or interferer
    can cause the entire link to fail, but in a multicarrier
    system, only a small percentage of the subcarriers
    will
    be affected. coding can then be used to correct for
    Error-correction
    the few erroneous subcarriers.
    Multipath Immunity

    Achieved using cyclic-prefix > channel delayspread

    Conventional multicarrier techniques

    Frequency

    Saving of Bandwidth

    Upto 50% Bandwidth Saving


    Orthogonal multicarrier
    techniques

    Frequency

    Bandwidth (Spectral) Efficiency Achieved using


    subcarrier orthogonality

    THEORY
    MULTI-CARRIER MODULATION
    orthogonality property

    cos(nt).cos(mt)dt=0,mn
    T

    DIGITAL MODULATION
    QPSK
    QAM
    CYCLIC PREFIXING

    OFDM TRANSCEIVER
    BLOCK DIAGRAM
    D
    A
    T
    A

    LPF

    Serial to
    parallel
    convert
    er

    A/D
    Conve
    r-ter

    QAM/
    QPSK
    mod

    QAM/
    QPSK
    mod

    Serial
    Parallel
    converter

    Paralle
    l to
    IFFT
    serial
    conver
    -ter

    FFT

    D/A
    Conve
    r-ter

    QAM/
    QPSK
    demo
    d

    QAM/
    QPSK
    demo
    d

    parallel
    to serial
    convert
    er

    D
    A
    T
    A

    SERIAL TO PARALLEL
    CONVERSION
    OFDM block
    assigned to
    a carrier
    S6

    S5

    S4

    S3

    S2

    S1

    OFDM
    Frame
    S3

    (T)
    S2

    S1

    S6

    S5

    S4

    S9

    S8

    S7

    S12

    S11

    S10

    OFDM
    Symbol
    (T)

    If size of OFDM Frame is D


    After conversion an (mn) matrix is obtained, where
    (mn)=D

    ROLE OF IFFT IN OFDM


    IFFT block operates on each column of the
    complex (mn) matrix at a time which is obtained
    at the output of the QPSK/QAM modulator.
    The source symbols obtained from the modulators
    are assumed to be in frequency domain and hence
    IFFT is performed to bring them into time-domain.
    The basis functions of an N point IFFT are N
    orthogonal subcarriers. These subcarriers have
    different frequency. Each input symbol acts like a
    complex weight for the corresponding sinusoidal
    basis function.
    Thus, the IFFT block provides a simple way to
    modulate data onto N orthogonal subcarriers.

    MATLAB CODING
    OFDM TRANSMISSION USING M-ary QAM MODULATION
    with M=8 and M=16.
    OFDM TRANSMISSION USING M-ary QPSK MODULATION
    with M=8 and M=16.

    MATLAB SIMULATION RESULTS


    Peak to-average-Power Ratio improves significantly on using
    a High Power Amplifier

    16-QAM Before HPA & after HPA

    MATLAB SIMULATION RESULTS (contd)


    For the same value of M, the BIT ERROR RATE(BER) of MQPSK is higher than M-QAM for the same SNR.

    MATLAB SIMULATION RESULTS (contd)


    For both M-QPSK and M-QAM,increase in M increases
    the BIT ERROR RATE(BER).

    THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS-QAM vs QPSK


    QPSK

    QAM

    M=8
    49
    47
    52
    51
    50

    M=16
    1100
    1004
    1101
    1102
    1140

    M=8
    41
    21
    30
    24
    23

    M=16
    80
    74
    69
    84
    53

    Observation of Bit Error


    QPSK

    QAM

    M=8
    0.0016

    M=16
    0.0367

    M=8
    0.0014

    M=16
    0.0027

    0.0016

    0.0335

    7.0000e-004

    0.0025

    0.0017

    0.0367

    1.0000e-003

    0.0023

    0.0017

    0.0367

    8.0000e-004

    0.0028

    0.0018

    0.0380

    7.6667e-004

    0.0018

    Observation of Bit Error Rate

    ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES


    ADVANTAGES

    Efficient spectrum usage by allowing overlap


    Effect of ISI and ICI can be completely removed by OFDM
    through the use of cyclic prefix
    By dividing the channel into narrowband flat fading sub
    channels, OFDM is more resistive to frequency selective fading
    than single carrier systems are
    Using adequate channel coding and interleaving one can
    recover symbols lost due to the frequency selectivity of the
    channel

    DISADVANTAGES

    OFDM is more sensitive to frequency offset and phase noise


    OFDM has a relatively large peak to average power
    ratio(PAPR),which tends to reduce the power efficiency of the RF
    amplifier
    Co-channel interference in cellular systems

    APPLICATIONS
    1. (DAB) Digital Audio Broadcasting: Its principal
    advantage is that it is able to establish single
    frequency network, this means that transmitters
    which are separated at a distance, can send the
    same signal simultaneously.
    2. (DVB) Digital Video Broadcasting: It is used for
    broadcasting of digital television signals using MPEG-2
    source compression, that reduces a standard television
    channel to 3M bps, also reduces the HDTV Channel to
    20Mbps.
    3.(WLAN)Wireless Local Area Network: Awireless
    local area network(WLAN) links two or more devices
    using some wireless distribution method
    (typicallyspread-spectrumorOFDMradio), and usually
    providing a connection through an access point to the
    wider internet.

    CONCLUSION
    1. Spectral width of 16-QAM is narrower than that of 16-QPSK for
    same information rate.
    2. BER performance of 8-QPSK is better than 16-QAM at the
    expense of spectral width.
    3. 16-QAM can carry more traffic comparable to 8-QPSK, at the
    expense of BER which is obvious in context of digital modulation
    technique.
    4. PAPR solely depends on coding technique not on modulation
    technique also verified from the simulation.

    Hence, analysis of the paper yields logical results in


    context of OFDM.

    FUTURE SCOPE
    Optical OFDM is a digital modulation scheme that has the potential
    to replace traditional expensive laser modulation equipment
    OFDM can be used for wireless ATM in rural communication
    OFDM provides raw data rates up to 54 Mbits/s in a 20-MHz
    channel. In addition to supporting high data capacity and resisting
    degradation from various types of radio effects
    OFDM transmitter can be implemented in FPGA by using VHDL
    & Spartan-3 and used in developing SDR(Software Defined Radio)
    and prove as a harbinger of 4G.

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