Mobile Communications

Summer Term 2005

FU Berlin
Computer Science
Computer Systems & Telematics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller
(revised by A. Grilo)
http://www.jochenschiller.de/
[email protected]
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.1

Overview of the lecture

Introduction

motivation, SDMA, FDMA, TDMA

(fixed, Aloha, CSMA, DAMA,
PRMA, MACA, collision avoidance,
polling), CDMA

Wireless Telecommunication
Systems (2)

GSM, HSCSD, GPRS, DECT,

TETRA, CDMA 450, UMTS, IMT2000

Satellite Systems

Reliable transmission
Flow control
Quality of Service

Support for Mobility

Mobile IP
Ad-hoc networking
Routing

Transport Protocols

Basic Technology
IEEE 802.11a/b/g, .15, Bluetooth
Zigbee

Network Protocols

DAB, DVB

Wireless LANs (1)

Media Access

frequencies & regulations

signals, antennas, signal
propagation
multiplexing, modulation, spread
spectrum, cellular system

Broadcast Systems

Wireless Transmission

Use-cases, applications
Definition of terms
Challenges, history

File systems, WWW, WAP, i-mode,

J2ME, ...

Outlook

GEO, LEO, MEO, routing, handover

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.2

Chapter 1:

Introduction

A case for mobility many aspects

History of mobile communication
Market
Areas of research

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.3

Computers for the next decades?

Computers are integrated

small, cheap, portable, replaceable - no more separate devices

Technology is in the background

computer are aware of their environment and adapt (location awareness)
computer recognize the location of the user and react appropriately (e.g.,
call forwarding, fax forwarding, context awareness))

Advances in technology

more computing power in smaller devices

flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
new user interfaces due to small dimensions
more bandwidth per cubic meter
multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional
wireless telecommunication networks etc. (overlay networks)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.4

Mobile communication
Two aspects of mobility:
user mobility: users communicate (wireless) anytime, anywhere, with
anyone
device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the
network

Wireless vs. mobile

Examples

stationary computer
notebook in a hotel
wireless LANs in historic buildings
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

The demand for mobile communication creates the need for

integration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks:
local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11,
ETSI (HIPERLAN)
Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP
Jochen
wide area
networks:
e.g., internetworking
of GSM and ISDN
Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Schiller,
http://www.jochenschiller.de/
MC SS05
1.5

Applications I
Vehicles

transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB

personal communication using GSM
position via GPS
local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance
system, redundancy
vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in
advance for maintenance

Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first
diagnosis
replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes,
fire etc.
crisis, war, ...

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.6

Typical application: road traffic

UMTS, WLAN,
DAB, DVB, GSM,
cdma2000, TETRA, ...

ad

c
o
h

Personal Travel Assistant,

PDA, Laptop,
GSM, UMTS, WLAN,
Bluetooth, ...
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.7

Mobile and wireless services Always Best Connected

DSL/ WLAN
3 Mbit/s

GSM/GPRS 53 kbit/s
Bluetooth 500 kbit/s

UMTS, GSM
115 kbit/s

LAN
100 Mbit/s,
WLAN
54 Mbit/s

UMTS
2 Mbit/s

GSM/EDGE 384 kbit/s,

DSL/WLAN 3 Mbit/s

UMTS, GSM
384 kbit/s

GSM 115 kbit/s,

WLAN 11 Mbit/s
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.8

Applications II
Travelling salesmen
direct access to customer files stored in a central location
consistent databases for all agents
mobile office

Replacement of fixed networks

remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
flexibility for trade shows
LANs in historic buildings

Entertainment, education, ...

outdoor Internet access
intelligent travel guide with up-to-date
location dependent information
ad-hoc networks for
multi user games

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

History
Info

MC SS05

1.9

Location dependent services

Location aware services

what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local
environment

Follow-on services

automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the

current location

Information services
push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake?

Support services

caches, intermediate results, state information etc. follow the mobile

device through the fixed network

Privacy

who should gain knowledge about the location

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.10

Mobile devices
Pager
receive only
tiny displays
simple text
messages

PDA
graphical displays
character recognition
simplified WWW

Laptop/Notebook
fully functional
standard applications

Sensors,
embedded
controllers

Mobile phones
voice, data
simple graphical displays

Palmtop
tiny keyboard
simple versions
of standard applications

www.scatterweb.net

performance
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.11

Effects of device portability

Power consumption
limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to
limited battery capacity
CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f

C: internal capacity, reduced by integration

V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit
f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally

Loss of data

higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design

(e.g., defects, theft)

Limited user interfaces

compromise between size of fingers and portability
integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols

Limited memory
limited value of mass memories with moving parts
flash-memory or ? as alternative

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.12

Wireless networks in comparison to fixed networks

Higher loss-rates due to interference

emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning

Restrictive regulations of frequencies

frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all

occupied

Low transmission rates

local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 53kbit/s with GSM/GPRS

Higher delays, higher jitter

connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundred
milliseconds for other wireless systems

Lower security, simpler active attacking

radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated, thus
attracting calls from mobile phones

Always shared medium

secure access mechanisms important

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.13

Early history of wireless communication

Many people in history used light for communication
heliographs, flags (semaphore), ...
150 BC smoke signals for communication;
(Polybius, Greece)
1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe

Here electromagnetic waves are

of special importance:
1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave equations
(1864)
H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
with an experiment the wave character
of electrical transmission through space
(1888, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the
location of todays University of Karlsruhe)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.14

History of wireless communication I

1896 Guglielmo Marconi
first demonstration of wireless
telegraphy (digital!)
long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kw)

1907 Commercial transatlantic connections

huge base stations

(30 100m high antennas)

1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco

1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
reflection at the ionosphere
smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum
tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)

1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin

wires parallel to the railroad track

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.15

History of wireless communication II

1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV news)
1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
1958 A-Netz in Germany

analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no

handover, 80% coverage, 1971 11000 customers

1972 B-Netz in Germany

analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but
location of the mobile station has to be known)
available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customer in D

1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)

1982 Start of GSM-specification

goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming

1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone

System, analog)
1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.16

History of wireless communication III

1986 C-Netz in Germany
analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital
signaling, automatic location of mobile device
Was in use until 2000, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98%
coverage

1991 Specification of DECT

Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications)
1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s
data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several
10000 user/km2, used in more than 50 countries

1992 Start of GSM

in D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
automatic location, hand-over, cellular
roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 200 countries
services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.17

History of wireless communication IV

1994 E-Netz in Germany
GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells
As Eplus in D (1997 98% coverage of the population)

1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)

ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless
ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)

1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11

IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning

1998 Specification of GSM successors

for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European

proposals for IMT-2000

Iridium

66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.18

History of wireless communication V

1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs
IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s
Decision about IMT-2000
Several members of a family: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT,
Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode
First step towards a unified Internet/mobile communicaiton system
Access to many services via the mobile phone
2000 GSM with higher data rates
HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s
First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!)
UMTS auctions/beauty contests
Hype followed by disillusionment (50 B$ payed in Germany for 6 licenses!)
2001 Start of 3G systems
Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS tests in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in
Japan
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.19

Wireless systems: overview of the development

cellular phones
1981:
NMT 450

satellites

1983:
AMPS

1986:
NMT 900

1992:
GSM

1994:
DCS 1800

analogue

1982:
Inmarsat-A

1991:
D-AMPS

1984:
CT1
1987:
CT1+
1989:
CT 2

1992:
Inmarsat-B
Inmarsat-M

1993:
PDC

1991:
DECT

1998:
Iridium
2000:
GPRS

wireless LAN

1980:
CT0

1988:
Inmarsat-C

1991:
CDMA

cordless
phones

199x:
proprietary
1997:
IEEE 802.11
1999:
802.11b, Bluetooth
2000:
IEEE 802.11a

2001:
IMT-2000

digital

4G fourth generation: when and how?

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

200?:
Fourth Generation
(Internet based)

MC SS05

1.20

Foundation: ITU-R - Recommendations for IMT-2000

M.687-2

IMT-2000 concepts and goals

M.816-1

framework for services

M.817

IMT-2000 network architectures

M.818-1

satellites in IMT-2000

M.819-2

IMT-2000 for developing countries

M.1034-1

requirements for the radio

interface(s)

M.1035

framework for radio interface(s) and

radio sub-system functions

M.1036

spectrum considerations

M.1078

security in IMT-2000

M.1079

speech/voiceband data performance

M.1167

framework for satellites

M.1168

framework for management

M.1223

evaluation of security mechanisms

M.1224

vocabulary for IMT-2000

M.1225

evaluation of transmission technologies

...
http://www.itu.int/imt

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.21

Worldwide wireless subscribers (old prediction 1998)

700
600
500

Americas
Europe
Japan
others
total

400
300
200
100
0
1996

1997

1998

1999

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

2000
MC SS05

2001
1.22

Mobile phones per 100 people 1999

Germany
Greece
Spain
Belgium
France
Netherlands
Great Britain
Switzerland
Ireland
Austria
Portugal
Luxemburg
Italy
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Finland
0

10

20

2005: 70-90% penetration in Western Europe

30

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

40

MC SS05

50

60

1.23

Worldwide cellular subscriber growth

1200

Subscribers [million]

1000
800
600
400
200
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Note that the curve starts to flatten in 2000 2004: 1.5 billion users
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.24

Cellular subscribers per region (June 2002)

Middle East;
1,6
Africa; 3,1
Americas (incl.
USA/Canada);
22

Asia Pacific;
36,9

Europe; 36,4

2004: 715 million mobile phones delivered

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.25

Mobile statistics snapshot (09/2002 / 12/2004)

Total Global Mobile Users
869M / 1.52bn
Total Analogue Users 71M / 34m
Total US Mobile users 145M / 140m
Total Global GSM users 680M / 1.25T
Total Global CDMA Users 127M / 202m
Total TDMA users 84M / 120m
Total European users 283M / 343m
Total African users 18.5M / 53m
Total 3G users 130M / 130m(?)
Total South African users 13.2m / 19m
European Prepaid Penetration 63%
European Mobile Penetration 70.2%
Global Phone Shipments 2001 393m
Global Phone Sales 2Q02 96.7m
http://www.cellular.co.za/stats/statsmain.htm

#1 Mobile Country China (300m)

#1 GSM Country China (282m)
#1 SMS Country Philipines
#1 Handset Vendor 2Q04 Nokia (35.5%)
#1 Network In Africa Vodacom (11m)
#1 Network In Asia Unicom (153m)
#1 Network In Japan DoCoMo
#1 Network In Europe T-Mobile (28m)
#1 In Infrastructure Ericsson
SMS Sent Globally 1Q06 235bn
SMS/month/user 36
Total Cost of 3G Licenses in Europe 110T
SMS sent in UK 6/02 1.3T / 2.1bn
SMS sent Germany 1Q02 5.7T
GSM Countries on Air 171 / 210
GSM Association members 574 / 839

The figures vary a lot depending on the statistic, creator of the statistic etc.!
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.26

Areas of research in mobile communication

Wireless Communication
transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)
modulation, coding, interference
media access, regulations
...

Mobility

location dependent services

location transparency
quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)
ad-Hoc & sensor
...

Portability
power consumption
limited computing power, sizes of display, ...
usability
...

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.27

Simple reference model used here

Application

Application

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Network

Network

Data Link

Data Link

Data Link

Data Link

Physical

Physical

Physical

Physical

Radio
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Medium

MC SS05

1.28

Influence of mobile communication to the layer model

Application layer

Transport layer

Network layer

Data link layer

Physical layer

service location
new applications, multimedia
adaptive applications
congestion and flow control
quality of service
addressing, routing,
device location
hand-over
authentication
media access
multiplexing
media access control
encryption
modulation
interference
attenuation
frequency

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.29

Overview of the main chapters

Chapter 10:
Support for Mobility
Chapter 9:
Mobile Transport Layer
Chapter 8:
Mobile Network Layer
Chapter 4:
Telecommunication
Systems

Chapter 5:
Satellite
Systems

Chapter 6:
Broadcast
Systems

Chapter 7:
Wireless
LAN

Chapter 3:
Medium Access Control
Chapter 2:
Wireless Transmission
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.30

Overlay Networks - the global goal

integration of heterogeneous fixed and
mobile networks with varying
transmission characteristics
regional
vertical
handover
metropolitan area

campus-based

horizontal
handover

in-house
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS05

1.31