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Module 2

This document discusses the atomic structure of copper and key concepts related to electrical charges and forces. It begins by explaining the structure of the copper atom, which has 29 protons, 29 neutrons, and 32 electrons in its outer shell. This leaves one unpaired electron that is loosely bound, known as a free electron. The document then covers Coulomb's Law, which states that the electrical force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate electrical force using this equation. The concept of ions as atoms that have gained or lost electrons is also introduced.

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136 views

Module 2

This document discusses the atomic structure of copper and key concepts related to electrical charges and forces. It begins by explaining the structure of the copper atom, which has 29 protons, 29 neutrons, and 32 electrons in its outer shell. This leaves one unpaired electron that is loosely bound, known as a free electron. The document then covers Coulomb's Law, which states that the electrical force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate electrical force using this equation. The concept of ions as atoms that have gained or lost electrons is also introduced.

Uploaded by

streetranpu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module no.

2
Contents:

The Atomic Structure


The Copper Atom
The Coulombs Law
The Principle of Free Electron

Topic Objectives:

To recall the definition and parts of an atom

To illustrate the atomic structure of copper


material.

To explain Coulombs Law

To describe the principle of free electron

FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIP IN CIRCUIT THEORY

So why doesn't the electron just spin off ? Why does it


stay orbiting the nucleus?
- the electron is attracted to the nucleus because of
its CHARGE.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefor.html

The force caused by the spinning, which should cause the


electron to spin off away from the nucleus, is balanced by the
charge force attracting the electron towards the nucleus. So it
doesn't fly off OR cling to the nucleus, it spins around being
pulled equally in both directions

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefor.html

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGES

COULOMBS LAW

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefor.html

An ion is an atom or group of bonded atoms which


have lost or gained one or more electrons, making
them negatively or positively charged.

COULOMBS LAW

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion)

The force of attraction or repulsion between two charged bodies


inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/Class/estatics/u8l3b.html

COULOMBS LAW EQUATION


Where:
Q1 represents the quantity of charge on object 1 (in Coulombs),
Q2 represents the quantity of charge on object 2 (in Coulombs), and
d represents the distance of separation between the two objects (in
meters).
The symbol k is a proportionality constant known as the Coulomb's law
constant. The value of this constant is dependent upon the medium that the
charged objects are immersed in. In the case of air, the value is
approximately 9.0 x 109 N m2 / C2.
If the charged objects are present in water, the value of k can be reduced
by as much as a factor of 80. It is worthwhile to point out that the units on k
are such that when substituted into the equation the units on charge
(Coulombs) and the units on distance (meters) will be canceled, leaving a
Newton as the unit of force.

Example A
Suppose that two point charges, each with a charge of +1.00 Coulomb are
separated by a distance of 1.00 meter. Determine the magnitude of the electrical
force of repulsion between them.
Example B
Two balloons are charged with an identical quantity and type of charge: -6.25 nC.
They are held apart at a separation distance of 61.7 cm. Determine the magnitude
of the electrical force of repulsion between them.
Example C
Two balloons with charges of +3.37 C and -8.21 C attract each other with a
force of 0.0626 Newtons. Determine the separation distance between the two
balloons.

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/Class/estatics/u8l3b.html

Practice Exercise:
1. The Q in Coulomb's law equation stands for the _____.
a. mass of a charged object

b. # of excess electrons on the object

c. the current of a charged object

d. the distance between charged objects

e. charge of a charged object


2. The symbol d in Coulomb's law equation represents the distance from ___.
a. A to B

b. A to D

c. B to C

d. B to D

e. C to D

f. A to G

g. B to F

h. C to E

3. Determine the electrical force of attraction between two balloons with separate
charges of +3.5 x 10-8 C and -2.9 x 10-8 C when separated a distance of 0.65 m.
http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/Class/estatics/u8l3b.html

4. Determine the electrical force of attraction between two balloons which are
charged with the opposite type of charge but the same quantity of charge. The
charge on the balloons is 6.0 x 10-7 C and they are separated by a distance of
0.50 m.

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/Class/estatics/u8l3b.html

COULOMB : The Unit of Charge


Electrical Charge (Q) is measured in coulombs,
symbolized by C.
One coulomb is the total charge possessed by
6.24 x 10 18 electrons
Q =

number of electrons
6.24 x 10 18 electrons/C

Example:
1. How many coulombs do 93.8 x 1016 electrons represent?
2. How many electrons does it take to have 3C of charge?
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefor.html

THE COPPER ATOM the most commonly used meta


electrical/electronics industry.
4th shell

= 2(4)2 = 32e

3rd shell
2nd shell
29 p
29 n

1st shell

= 2(3)2 = 18e
= 2(2)2 = 8e

= 2(1)2 = 2e

No. of Electron in each shell


Is given by 2n2
Where n = shell number
Nucleus
Valence electron (free electron)

Since Copper atom has only one(1) electron in the out


most shell
UNSTABLE AND VOLATILE
Since the outermost shell electron is farthest from the
nucleus
THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION IS WEAKER
FREE ELECTRON - the outermost shell electron or
electron)
Free Electrons are in rapid motion around the nucleus. While the
electrostatic force is trying to pull the nucleus and the electron together,
the electron is in motion and trying to pull away.
These two effects balance, keeping the electron in orbit. The electrons in
an atom exist in different energy levels. The energy level of an electron is
proportional to its distance from the nucleus.
http://www.tpub.com/content/doe/h1011v1/css/h1011v1_30.htm

Helium atom model


This helium (He) model displays two valence electrons
located in its outermost energy level.
Helium is a member of the noble gases and contains
two protons, neutrons, and electrons
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion)

Fact:
One cubic inch of copper a
room temperature has 1x1
free electrons moving ran

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/ohmmic.html

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