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Module 4

This document provides information about electrical resistance and resistor color coding. It defines resistance as the opposition to current flow due to collisions between electrons. The four factors that affect resistance are the type of material, length, cross-sectional area, and temperature. Resistance increases with length or temperature and decreases with cross-sectional area. Resistor color codes use colored bands to indicate resistance value, multiplier, and tolerance. Common formulas relate resistance, resistivity, length, and area. Examples are provided for calculating resistance values and interpreting resistor color codes.

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streetranpu
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329 views

Module 4

This document provides information about electrical resistance and resistor color coding. It defines resistance as the opposition to current flow due to collisions between electrons. The four factors that affect resistance are the type of material, length, cross-sectional area, and temperature. Resistance increases with length or temperature and decreases with cross-sectional area. Resistor color codes use colored bands to indicate resistance value, multiplier, and tolerance. Common formulas relate resistance, resistivity, length, and area. Examples are provided for calculating resistance values and interpreting resistor color codes.

Uploaded by

streetranpu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Module no.

4
Contents:

The Resistance

The Effect of Temperature on the


Resistance

Resistor Color Coding

Work, Power, and Energy


Topic Objectives:

To define the meaning of resistance

To explain the effect of temperature on the


resistance of the wire

To identify the values of resistor using color


codes

To solve problems dealing resistor color coding

To differentiate energy from work and power

RESISTANCE = the opposition to the flow of current (char


opposition

due to collisions and friction between fre


electrons

collision and friction

converts electrical energy into

FACTORS affecting resistance of material


1. Type of material ()
L_
2. Length (L)
R =
A
3. Cross sectional Area (A)
4. Temperature of the material (T)
where:
= CM / ft at T = 20oC (room temp)
= resistivity constant
L = length in feet
A = area in circular mils (CM)

CIRCULAR MILS (CM)


mil = a unit of measurement for length
1 mil =

1__ inch (or 0.001inch)


1000

1000 mils = 1 inch


Circular mil vs. Square mil
By definition;
1 mil
1 mil

d = 1 mil

A = 1CM

A wire with a diameter


of 1 mil has an area
of 1 CM.

Applying the definition to a wire having a diameter of 1 m


2

d
A =
4

Since

(1)
=
=
4
4

1 CM =
4

Therefore; 1 sq. mil

sq. mil = 1 CM

sq. mils
4
=

CM

So for a wire with a diameter of N mils,

A =
4

=
4
A = N2

(N)2 sq. mils


(N)2 4[

CM

CM ]
or ACM = (dmils)2
since d = N

Sample Problems:
1. Find the area of a wire with a diameter of 1/8 inch.

2. What is the resistance of a 100ft length of copper wire


0.020 inch diameter at 20oC? ( at 20o = 10.37 CM /

3. An undetermined number of feet of wire have been us


with a diameter of 1/16 inch and the resistance is 0.5
What is the length of the wire? (same )

4. What is the diameter of a wire in inch, with an area of


6925CM?

Temperature Effects on the Resistance of a copper wire


For good conductors, an
increase in temperature
will result in an increase in
the resistance level
R

(+) Temperature
coefficient
Temp
R

(-)Temperature
coefficient
Temp
http://www.electriccircuits.net/book,6,chapter,319,lesson,1470,thermoelectricity.aspx

Resistance Curve

R2
R1
X

(Absolute Zero)
-273.15oC

0C
-234.5oC
(Inferred Absolute Zero)
o

T1

T2

Using Similar Triangles


X = Y
R2
R1

/234.5/ + T2
/234.5/ + T1
=
R2
R1

Note: Inferred absolute temp varies depending on material

Initial Temperature (Ti) of selected materials in oC


Silver
Copper
Gold
Aluminum
Tungsten
Nickel
Iron

- 234
234.5
274
236
204
147
162

General Equation:
/Ti / + T1
R1

/Ti / + T2
=
R2

Sample Problems:
1. If the resistance of a copper wire is 50 at 20oC, what
resistance at 100oC?
2. If the resistance of a copper wire at freezing
temperature is
30, what is its resistance at -40 o C?
3. If the resistance of an aluminum at room
temperature
(20 oC) is 100m, at what temperature will it
become 120m?

Temperature coefficient of resistance

Example: Observe how wire temperature affect wire


resistance

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_12/5.html

At 20o Celsius, we get 12.5 volts across the load and a total of 1.5
volts (0.75 + 0.75) dropped across the wire resistance.
If the temperature were to rise to 35o Celsius, we could easily
determine the change of resistance for each piece of wire. Assuming
the use of copper wire ( = 0.004041) we get:

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_12/5.html

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_12/5.html

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF RESISTANCE, AT 20 DEGREES C

Material
Element/Alloy
"alpha" per degree Celsius
==========================================================
Nickel -------- Element --------------- 0.005866
Iron ---------- Element --------------- 0.005671
Molybdenum ---- Element --------------- 0.004579
Tungsten ------ Element --------------- 0.004403
Aluminum ------ Element --------------- 0.004308
Copper -------- Element --------------- 0.004041
Silver -------- Element --------------- 0.003819
Platinum ------ Element --------------- 0.003729
Gold ---------- Element --------------- 0.003715
Zinc ---------- Element --------------- 0.003847
Steel* --------- Alloy ---------------- 0.003
Nichrome ------- Alloy ---------------- 0.00017
Nichrome V ----- Alloy ---------------- 0.00013
Manganin ------- Alloy ------------ +/- 0.000015
Constantan ----- Alloy --------------- -0.000074

Resistor Color Coding


Scheme
There are three types of resistor color coding. They have
different number of color bands and hence provide
different information. This is illustrated by the next table.
You can calculate the value of an unknown resistor by
entering its color code in the fields below the table.

4-band color code

5-band color code 6-band color code

2 digits, multiplier,
tolerance

3 digits, multiplier,
tolerance

3 digits, multiplier,
tolerance,
thermal coefficient
http://www.breakup.de/resources/resistor.html

How to read Resistor Color Codes


Black Brown Red OrangeYellow Green Blue Violet Gray
White
0
9

3
4
5
THE MNEMONIC

B - Bad
B - Boy
R - Ravish
2
O - Our
Y - Young
4
G - Girls
5
B - But
V- Violeta
7
G - Gave
8
W - Willingly9

67
8
Tolerance%

0
(Black)
Go
1
(Brown)
Sil
(Red)
No color - (20%)
3
(Orange)
(Yellow)
(Green)
6
(Blue)
(Violet)
(Gray)
(White)
http://xtronics.com/kits/rcode.htm

http://users.etech.fh-hamburg.de/users/gelab/Html/Inhalte/resistor-color-code.htm

Sample Problems:
Find the resistance value in ohms and the percent
tolerance of:
a) Red, Violet, Orange, Silver
b) Brown, Black, Brown, Silver
c) Green, Blue, Green, Gold
d) Red, Violet, Gold, Silver
e) Red, Violet, Black, Gold, Red
f) Yellow, Black, Red, Black, Brown
g) Orange, Orange, Red, Orange, Green
Give the color code for each value of resistor
a) 3305%
b) 2.2k10%
c) 100k5%
d) 510%

We are now ready to analyze

circuits of different configurations

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