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Advanced SQL: Chrisandra S. Gaston Jeremy P. Palada Argel J. Ramos

This document provides an overview of logical, arithmetic, comparison, and bit operators in SQL. It also covers joins, removing records, transactions, locking, and isolation levels. Logical operators allow relating conditions, arithmetic operators allow mathematical operations, and comparison operators allow value comparisons. The document defines each operator and provides examples. It also discusses more advanced SQL topics like different join types, transactions, locking tables, and setting the transaction isolation level.

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AmirLedesma
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39 views64 pages

Advanced SQL: Chrisandra S. Gaston Jeremy P. Palada Argel J. Ramos

This document provides an overview of logical, arithmetic, comparison, and bit operators in SQL. It also covers joins, removing records, transactions, locking, and isolation levels. Logical operators allow relating conditions, arithmetic operators allow mathematical operations, and comparison operators allow value comparisons. The document defines each operator and provides examples. It also discusses more advanced SQL topics like different join types, transactions, locking tables, and setting the transaction isolation level.

Uploaded by

AmirLedesma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADVANCED

SQL
Chrisandra S. Gaston
Jeremy P. Palada
Argel J. Ramos

Logical, Arithmetic,
Comparison and Bit Operators
OPERATORS are the building blocks of complex queries.
Logical operators allow you to relate numbers of
conditions in various ways.
Arithmetic operators allow you to perform basic
mathematical operations in your queries.
Comparison operators allow you to compare values, and

narrow result sets in this way. Finally, bit operators, while


not often used, allow you to work at a bit level in your
queries.

LOGICAL OPERATORS
Operator
AND, &&

Syntax
Descriptio
c1 AND c2, c1 && c2 Only true if both

conditions c1
and c2 are true
OR, ||

!, NOT

c1 OR c2, c1 || c2

! c1, NOT c1

True if either c1
or c2 is true.

True if c1 is false,
false if c1 is tru

LOGICAL OPERATORS

ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
Operator
+

Syntax

Description

a+b

Adds a and b together, SUM

a-b

Subtracts b from a,

a*b

Multiplies a and b, PRODUCT

a/b

Divides a by b, QUOTIENT

DIFFERENCE

a%b

a modulus b, REMAINDER

ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

Operator
=
!=
>
<

COMPARISON
OPERATORS

Name
Description
Equals
True if both a & b are equ
Not equal
True if a is not equa
Greater than True if a is greater than
Less than True if a is less than b

Name
IS NULL

COMPARISON
OPERATORS

IS NOT NULL
value
BETWEEN

Description
True if a contains a NULL value

True if a doesnt contain NULL

True if a is between the value


of b &c, inclusive

NOT BETWEEN True if a is not between the value


of b &c, inclusive
LIKE

True if a matches b

COMPARISON
OPERATORS

Name
NOT LIKE
IN
NOT IN
anything

RLIKE
exp.
NOT RLIKE

Description
True if a does not match b
True if a is equal to anything
in the list
True if a is not equal to
in the list
True if a matches b in regular

True if a does not match b with


regular expression

EQUALS

NOT EQUALS

Greater than and Less


Than

Greater than

Less than

Greater than and Equal


to

Less than and Equal to

<=>

IS NULL

IS NOT NULL

BETWEEN

NOT BETWEEN

LIKE

NOT LIKE

IN

NOT IN

RLIKE

NOT RLIKE

USING LIKE with


SQL PATTERN MATCHES
-These allow you to compare
against a character youre no t
sure bout instead of specific ones
you know.

Character
%
characters
-

Description
Any number of
One character

BIT OPERATORS
Operator
Syntax
Description
&
a&b
|

a|b

Bitwise AND
Bitwise OR

<<
by b

a << b

Left shift of a

>>
a by b

a >> b

Right shift of

ADVANCED JOINS

INNER JOINS

*These queries were


identical

LEFT & RIGHT JOINS


(LEFT & RIGHT OUTER
JOINS)

FULL OUTER JOINS


-Joins where each record from the first
table, including those with no match in
the
second table, is returned along with each
record in the second table, including
those
with no match in the first.

Syntax to be used:

SELECT field1, field2 FROM table1 FULL OUTER


JOIN table2

NATURAL JOINS &


USING KEYWORD
*rename sales.customer to
sales.id

NOTE:

A NATURAL JOIN can also be a left or


right join. If there is more than one
identical field in the two tables, USING
keyword allows you to specify which of these
fields are used as join conditions.
It also allows more flexibility because it
allows you to use only some of the four
identical fields.

JOINING RESULTS WITH


UNION
Sub-select
Rewriting Sub-selects as Joins

JOINING RESULTS WITH


UNION

REMOVING RECORDS
(Delete and Truncate)
DELETE

informs you how many rows have been removed

TRUNCATE

removes the lot without counting them.

REMOVING RECORDS
(Delete and Truncate)

Performing transactions
with BEGIN &COMMIT
For InnoDB
tables

TRANSACTION

involves wrapping

the
queries together
BEGIN to indicate the start of the
transaction
COMMIT to indicate the end
ROLLBACK to reverse the incomplete
part of the transaction

Performing transactions
with BEGIN &COMMIT

Performing transactions
with BEGIN &COMMIT

Consistent Reads

Consistent Reads

Read Locks for Updating

Read Locks for Sharing

AUTOMATIC COMMITS

*Screenshots goes here*

For BDB tables

TABLE LOCKINGS
Two kinds of table locks:

READ LOCKS
only reads may be performed on the
table,
writes are locked

WRITE LOCKS
no reads and or writes may be performed
on the table for the duration of the lock.
SYNTAX TO BE USED TO LOCK A TABLE:
LOCK TABLE tablename {READ | WRITE}
SYNTAX TO BE USED TO LOCK A TABLE:
UNLOCK TABLES;

WARNING!!!
The LOCK TABLES statement
is not transaction safe. It will
commit all active transactions
before it attempts to lock the
tables.

TRANSACTION LEVELS
READ UNCOMMITED This level
allows transactions to read the
uncommitted data from other
transactions (dirty read)
READ COMMITTED This level
does not allow dirty reads.
REPEATABLE READ This
level does not allow nonrepeatable reads
SERIALIZE- This level does
not allow phantom reads

For changing your


transaction level, use
this syntax:
SET [scope] TRANSACTION
ISOLATION LEVEL
{isolation_level}

END OF
PRESENTATION

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