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This document provides an overview of particle technology and properties. It discusses that individual particles are characterized by their size, shape, and density. Measuring particle properties is important for quality control and understanding how particles behave in different applications and equipment. Key properties to measure include particle size, shape, surface properties, and microstructure. Particle size specifically influences many material properties and is often a critical parameter. Both differential and cumulative size analysis methods are used to characterize mixtures of particles of various sizes.

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umar
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123 views15 pages

Lec 1

This document provides an overview of particle technology and properties. It discusses that individual particles are characterized by their size, shape, and density. Measuring particle properties is important for quality control and understanding how particles behave in different applications and equipment. Key properties to measure include particle size, shape, surface properties, and microstructure. Particle size specifically influences many material properties and is often a critical parameter. Both differential and cumulative size analysis methods are used to characterize mixtures of particles of various sizes.

Uploaded by

umar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Particle Technology

Lecture 1
Instructor: Engr. Muhammad
Usama

1. Characterization of
Solid Particle
Individual solid particles are characterized by
their size, shape and density.
Size and shape are easily specified for regular
particles, such as spheres and cubes, but for
irregular particles ?

Why measure particle


properties?
Better control of quality of product (cement, urea,
cosmetics etc)
Better understanding of products, ingredients.
Designing of equipment for different operations
such as crushing, grinding, conveying, separation,
storage etc.

Which particle properties are


important to measure?
In addition to chemical composition, the behavior of particulate
materials is often dominated by the physical properties of the
constituent particles.
These can influence a wide range of material properties including,
for example, reaction and dissolution rates, how easily
ingredients flow and mix, or compressibility and abrasivity.
From a manufacturing and development perspective, some of the
most important physical properties to measure are:
Particle size
Particle shape
Surface properties
Mechanical properties
Charge properties
microstructure

1.1. Particle shape


The shape of an individual particle is expressed in
terms of the sphericity which is independent of
particle size.
Sphericity is the ratio of volume of particle to surface
area and equivalent diameter of particle.
So for spherical particle sphericity is equal to one.
For non-spherical particle it is defined by:

Dp: equivalent diameter of particle


Sp: surface area of one particle
vp: volume of one particle

The equivalent diameter is sometimes defined as


the diameter of a sphere of equal volume.

For fine particles, Dpis usually taken to be the


nominal size based on screen analysis or
microscopic analysis.
For many crushed materials,Sphericity is
between 0.6 and 0.8. For particles rounded by
abrasion, their sphericity may be as high as 0.95.
Exercise: Determine the sphericity of a particle
of surface area 15 mm2 and volume 2 mm3.

1.2. Particle size


By far the most important physical property of particulate
samples is particle size.
Particle size measurement is routinely carried out across a wide
range of industries and is often a critical parameter in the
manufacturing of many products.
Particle size has a direct influence on material properties such as:
Reactivity or dissolution rate e.g. catalysts, tablets
Stability in suspension e.g. sediments, paints
Efficacy of delivery e.g. asthma inhalers
Texture and feel e.g. food ingredients
Appearance e.g. powder coatings and inks
Flowability and handling e.g. granules
Viscosity e.g. nasal sprays
Packing density and porosity e.g. ceramics.

In general "diameter" may be specified for any equidimensional


particles (e.g. emulsions or bubbles).
Most of the solid particles used in industries are not
equidimensional, therefore cannot be specified by a single
dimension i.e. diameter.
In order to simplify the measurement process, it is often convenient
to define the particle size using the concept of equivalent spheres.
In this case the particle size is defined by the diameter of an
equivalent sphere having the same property as the actual particle
such as volume or mass for example.

The equivalent sphere concept works very well for


regular shaped particles.
However, it may not always be appropriate for irregular
shaped particles, such as needles or plates, where the
size in at least one dimension can differ significantly
from that of the other dimensions.
Such particles are often characterized by the second
longest major dimension. For example needle like
particles, Dpwould refer to the thickness of the particle,
not their length.
Units used for particle size depend on the size of
particles.
Coarse particles: inches or millimetres
Fine particles: screen size
Very fine particles: micrometers or nanometers
Ultra fine particles: surface area per unit mass, m 2/g

1.3 Mixed particle sizes and


size analysis
In a sample of uniform particles of diameterDp,
the total volume of the particles ism/p,
wherem= mass of the sample, p = density.
Since the volume of one particle isvp, the total
number of particle in the sample is:

The total surface area of the particles is:

To apply the above two equations to mixtures of particles


having various size and densities, the mixture is sorted into
fractions, each of constant density and approximately
constant size.
Each fraction can then be weighed, or the individual
particles in it can be counted or measured by any of the
number of methods.
Information from such a particle size analysis is tabulated to
show the mass fraction in each size increment as a function
of average particle size. The analysis tabulated in this way
is called differential analysis.
A second way to present the information is through a
cumulative analysis obtained by adding, consecutively, the
individual increments, starting with that containing the
smallest particles, and tabulating or plotting the cumulative
sums against the maximum particle diameter in the
increment.

Differential Analysis

Cumulative Analysis

Mass Quantities of sample of particles

Mass fractions from data in previous figure.

Cumulative mass fraction plot of data from


previous figure.

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