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Databases: TMX2012 IT Tools For Knowledge Workers

This document summarizes key points from a lecture on databases. It defines what a database is, how it interacts with data and information, and characteristics of valuable information. It discusses how data is organized into characters, fields, records, and files. It also describes the differences between file processing and database approaches, functions of database management systems, types of databases like relational and multidimensional, and roles of database administrators and analysts.

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sahrasaqsd
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© © All Rights Reserved
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62 views

Databases: TMX2012 IT Tools For Knowledge Workers

This document summarizes key points from a lecture on databases. It defines what a database is, how it interacts with data and information, and characteristics of valuable information. It discusses how data is organized into characters, fields, records, and files. It also describes the differences between file processing and database approaches, functions of database management systems, types of databases like relational and multidimensional, and roles of database administrators and analysts.

Uploaded by

sahrasaqsd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

TMX2012 IT Tools for Knowledge Workers

SEMESTER 2, SESSION 2014/15

LECTURE 5:
DATABASES

OBJECTIVES
Define the term, database, and explain how a database
interacts with data and information
Define the term, data integrity, and describe the qualities of
valuable information
Discuss the terms character, field, record, and file
Describe file maintenance techniques and validation
techniques
Differentiate between the file processing approach and the
database approach
Discuss the functions common to most database management
systems
Describe characteristics of relational, object-oriented, and
multidimensional databases
Discuss web databases
Identify database design guidelines and understand the
responsibilities of database analysts and administrators
Adapted from Discovering Computers by Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

Data, Information & Databases


Data
Collection of
unprocessed items
Text
Numbers
Images
Audio
Video

Information
Processed data
Meaningful
Organized
Useful

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Databases
Collection of data
organized in a manner
that allows access,
retrieval, and use of that
data

Data, Information & Databases


Example: Processing data into information

Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics


Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

Data Integrity
Data integrity reflects the quality of the data
The more errors the data contains, the lower its integrity
Data integrity is important because computers and people
use information to make decisions and take actions

Valuable Information
Verifiable

Timely

Accurate

Characteristics
of Valuable
Information

Cost Effective

Organized

Accessible
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Useful

Data Organization
Data is organized in layers
Files, records, fields, characters

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Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

Character & Field


A character is one byte
Numbers, letters, space, punctuation marks, or other
symbols
A field is a combination of one or more related characters
Field name
Field size
Data type

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Character & Field

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Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

Data Types
Text

AutoNumber

Date

Number

Currency

Common
Data
Types

Memo

Object

Yes/No

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Hyperlink

Attachment

10

Record & Data File


A record is a group of related fields
A primary key is a field that uniquely identifies each record
A data file is a collection of related records

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Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

11

File Maintenance
File maintenance refers to the procedures that keep data
current
File maintenance procedures:
Adding new records

Modifying records

Deleting records

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12

Add new record


Users add new records to a file when they obtain new data

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Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

13

Modify record
Users generally modify a record to correct inaccurate data
or update old data

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Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

14

Delete record
User delete a record from a file when it is no longer is
needed

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Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

15

Validation
Validation compares data with a set of rules or values to
find out if the data is correct
Validation can be performed using:
Alphabetic/numeric check

Completeness check

Range check

Check digit

Consistency check

Other checks

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16

File Processing System vs. Databases


File Processing System
Each department has
its own set of files
Have data
redundancy
Isolate data

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Databases
Programs and users
share data
Reduced data
redundancy
Improved data
integrity
Shared data
Easier access
Reduced
development time

17

File Processing System vs. Databases

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Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

18

Data Dictionary
A data dictionary contains data about each file in the
database and each field in those files

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Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

19

Database Management System


Database software is often called Database
Management System (DBMS)
DBMS allows users to:
Create computerized databases

Add, modify and delete data

Sort and retrieve data

Create forms and reports from the data

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Database Management System


A DBMS provides several tools that allow users and
programs to retrieve and maintain data in the database:
Query language

Query by example

Form

Report writer

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21

Database Management System


A query language consists of simple, English-like
statements that allow users to specify the data to display,
print, store, update, or delete
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a popular query
language that allows users to manage, update, and retrieve
data
Many DBMSs provide tools to guide nontechnical users
through the steps of creating a query

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22

Database Management System


Simple Query Wizard

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Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

23

Database Management System


Most DBMSs include query by example (QBE), a feature
that has a graphical user interface to assist users with
retrieving data

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Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

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Database Management System


A form is a window on the screen that provides areas for
entering or modifying data in a database
A report writer allows users to design a report on the
screen, retrieve data into the report design, and then display
or print the report

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Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

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Database Management System


A DBMS provides means to ensure that only authorized
users access data
Access privileges
Principle of least privilege policy
A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to restore the
database to a usable form in case it is damaged or
destroyed
Backup
Log
Recovery utility
Continuous backup
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Data Model
A data model defines how users view the organization of
the data

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Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

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Relational Database
A relational database stores data in tables that consist of
rows and columns
Each row has a primary key
Each column has a unique name
A relationship is a link within the data

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Relational Database

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Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

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Object-oriented Database
An object-oriented database (OODB) stores data in
objects
Examples of applications appropriate for an object-oriented
database include:
Media database
Groupware database
CAD database

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Multidimensional Database
A multidimensional database can store data in more than
two dimensions of data
Sometimes known as a hypercube
Can consolidate data much faster than a relational
database
A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and
manages the data required to analyze historical and current
transactions

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Multidimensional Database

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Image: Vermaat, Sebok & Freund (2014)

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Web Databases
The Web offers information about:
Jobs

Travel

Weather

Destinations

Movies

Videos

Photos

Legislative
information

Sporting events

TV programs

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Database Administration
Database analysts and administrators are responsible for
managing and coordinating all database activities
Database Administrator (DBA)
Creates and maintains the data
dictionary, manages security of
the database, monitors the
performance of the database,
and checks backup and
recovery procedures

Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics

Database Analyst (DA)


Decides on proper placement
of fields, defines data
relationship, and identifies
users access privileges

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THE END

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