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Angle Modulation

An FM signal can be represented as the sum of a series of sinusoidal waves whose frequencies are integer multiples of the modulating signal frequency away from the carrier frequency. The amplitude of each sinusoidal wave is determined by the Bessel functions of the first kind. Phase modulation is similar but varies the phase rather than the frequency of the carrier signal. Both FM and PM can be converted to each other through integration and differentiation.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
107 views52 pages

Angle Modulation

An FM signal can be represented as the sum of a series of sinusoidal waves whose frequencies are integer multiples of the modulating signal frequency away from the carrier frequency. The amplitude of each sinusoidal wave is determined by the Bessel functions of the first kind. Phase modulation is similar but varies the phase rather than the frequency of the carrier signal. Both FM and PM can be converted to each other through integration and differentiation.

Uploaded by

kshitij
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANGLE MODULATION

Introduction
There are three parameters of a carrier that may
carry information:
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase

Frequency and Phase modulation are closely


related and grouped together as Phase
Modulation / Angle Modulation / Angle of
Modulation / Exponent Modulation
2

Angle Modulation
We have seen that an AM signal can be represented as
s (t ) A1 m cos m t ] cos c t

In this type of modulation the amplitude of the signal


carries information.
Information can also be carried in the angle of the
signal as
s (t ) A cos c t

Here amplitude A remains constant and the angle is


modulated.
This modulation technique is called the Angle
Modulation.
3

There are two ways of varying the angle of


the carrier:

By varying the frequency, c Frequency


Modulation.
By varying the phase, - Phase Modulation

Angle Modulation-Frequency Modulation


Consider a general carrier signal
s (t ) A cos c t

c t represents

the angle of the carrier or phase of the carrier


wave.
Differentiating the above equation, we get
d
c
dt

This derivative is constant with time for an unmodulated carrier.


But, in general, this derivative may not be constant with time,
rather it may vary with time. This dependent angular velocity is
called instantaneous angular velocity, and is denoted by i. Thus,
d
or
c
i dt
dt
i is time dependent.

Phase Modulation
Phase modulation consists in varying the phase
of the carrier voltage in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the modulating voltage.

Phase Modulation
Due to simpler hardware requirements, PM is used in
some systems as an alternative to frequency
modulation.
Peak amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal
remain constant, but as the amplitude of the
information signal changes, the phase of the carrier
changes correspondingly.

Phase Modulation
In this type of angle modulation, the phase angle (t) is varied
linearly with a modulating signal f(t) about an unmodulated
phase angle ct. That is to say, the instantaneous value of a
phase angle i is equal to the phase of an unmodulated carrier
ct plus a time varying component proportional to f(t).
Mathematically,
i t c t K P f (t )

The proportionality constant Kp is known as phase sensitivity of


the modulator, expressed in radians/volts. The carrier wave, after
phase modulation has the phase angle given by above equation,
and is represented as

PM A cos i t A cos ct K P f (t )

Consider the equation


vc (t ) A cos c t
And let the modulating voltage be,
f t = Am cos mt
After the phase modulation, the instantaneous phase of the carrier
is given by
i t c t K P f (t )
The phase modulated carrier voltage is then given by:
Where v A cos i A cos ct K P f (t )

v PM = Acos
tc+ K

Acos
t
m
m

= Acos
tc+ cos mt

18
10

Frequency Modulation
Frequency modulation consists in varying the
frequency of the carrier voltage in accordance with
the instantaneous value of the modulating voltage.
In particular, the frequency of the FM wave is
maximum when the modulating signal is at its
positive peak and is minimum when the modulating
signal is at its negative peak.

11

Frequency modulation

12

FM Signal Waveforms

13

FM Signal Waveforms.
Frequency changes at the input are translated to rate of change of
frequency at the output.

14

Frequency Modulation
Frequency Modulation (FM) is produced when the
instantaneous value of the angular frequency, i ,is
equal to the frequency c of the unmodulated carrier
plus a time varying component proportional to f(t). i.e:

i c K f f (t )
The term Kf represents the frequency sensitivity of the
modulator expressed in Hz/volt.

15

The total phase angle of the FM wave can be obtained


by integrating

i i dt c K f f (t ) dt c t K f

f (t ) dt

The corresponding FM wave is given by

FM A cos i A cos c t K f

f (t ) dt

FM = Acos i = Acos ct + K f f(t)dt


0

16

Relationship between FM and PM


vm(t)

Integrator

dt

PM
Modulator

Generation of FM

vFM(t)
t

vFM t Ec cos c t k f vm t dt

Differentiator

vm(t)

d
dt

FM
Modulator

Generation of PM

vPM(t)

vPM (t ) Ec cos[ct k p vm (t )]

We can generate FM signal by using PM modulator and vice versa.


From the above block diagrams, it can be shown that the generation of FM
and PM signals are mutually related.
17

FM with Single Tone Modulating Signal


Consider the modulating signal, f(t), as being a single
frequency tone, i.e:
f(t) = Am cos(mt )
In this case the instantaneous frequency of the FM
wave is given by:
Am
fi (t ) f c k f
cos(mt ) f c +f c cos mt
2
Am
Am
f max f c k f
, f min f c k f
2
2
Am
f c f d f max f c f c f min k f
2

18

where the quantity fc , fd ,D is called the frequency


deviation of the FM signal. The frequency deviation
represents the maximum departure of the
instantaneous frequency from the carrier frequency.
The frequency deviation is proportional to the
modulating signal amplitude.

19

Frequency Modulation
In FM, the message signal f(t) controls the frequency fc of the carrier.
Consider the carrier

vc (t ) A cos c t

then for FM we may write:

v(t ) A cos 2 f c frequency deviation t

where the frequency deviation will depend on f(t).


Given that the carrier frequency will change we may write for an
instantaneous carrier signal

Acos
ti = Acos 2f
ti = Acos i = Acos

where i is the instantaneous angle = it = 2fit


instantaneous frequency.

and is the
20

di
= 2f i
dt

1 di
2 dt

Since i = 2f i t then
i.e., the frequency is proportional to the rate of change
of angle.
If fi is the instantaneous value of carrier and fm is the
modulating frequency, then we may deduce that
f i = f c + f c cos mt =

or

fi =

1 di
2 dt

fc is the peak deviation of the carrier.


Hence, we have

1 di
= f c + f c cos m t
2 dt

i.e.,

di
= 2f c + 2f c cos m t
dt
21

i c + 2f c cos mt dt

2f c sin m t
i = c t +
m
f c
i = c t +
sin m t
fm

After integration, i.e.,

Hence for the FM signal,

s t = Acos i
f c
s (t ) A cos(c t
sin(mt )
fm
22

The ratio
and . i.e.,

mf =

1)

2)

f c
fm

is called the Modulation Index, denoted by , mf

Peak frequency deviation


f d d K f .Vm

modulating frequency
f m m
m

As the modulating frequency m decreases and the


modulating voltage amplitude remains constant, i.e d
remains constant, the modulation index increases.
FM, as implicit in the above equation for s(t), is a non-linear
process, i.e., the principle of superposition does not apply.
The FM signal for a message f(t) as a band of signals is very
complex. Hence, f(t) is usually considered as a single tone
modulating signal of the form
f t = Vm cos mt
23

FM equation
vFM

t Ec cos ct k f vm t dt
0

where vm Em sin 2 f mt

f c
s (t ) A cos(c t
sin(mt )
fm

vFM (t ) A cos [c t sin mt ]


24

The equation

f c
s t = Acos c t +
sin m t
fm

may be

expressed as Bessel series (Bessel Functions)

s t = A J n cos c + nm t
n=

where Jn() are Bessel functions of the first kind.


Expanding the equation for a few terms we have,
s (t ) A J 0 ( ) cos(c )t A J1 ( ) cos(c m )t A J 1 ( ) cos(c m )t






Amp

fc

Amp

fc fm

Amp

fc fm

A J 2 ( ) cos(c 2m )t A J 2 ( ) cos(c 2m )t




Amp

fc 2 fm

Amp

fc 2 f m

25

Mathematical analysis of FM
For the case of a sinusoidal modulating signal, the
FM wave is given by:
s(t) = A cos[ct+ sin(m(t))]
Using a standard identity, this can be written as:
s(t) = Acos(ct)cos[sin(m(t))]
- Asin(ct)sin[sin(m(t))]
26

Consider the term cos[sin(m(t))], this is an even


periodic function of time and can therefore be
represented by a Fourier series. The coefficients are
functions of :
cos[sin(m(t))] = J0() + 2J2()cos(2mt) + 2J4()cos(4mt) + ...
+ 2J2n()cos((2n)m(t) +

27

The term sin[sin(m(t)), is an odd periodic function


of time and can therefore be represented by a Fourier
series of sine terms, with odd Bessel function
coefficients:
sin[sin(mt) = 2J1()sin(mt) + 2J3()sin(3mt) + 2J5()sin(5mt) + .
+ 2J 2n-1()sin((2n-1)m(t) +.

28

Given the Fourier series for cos[sin(mt)] and


sin[sin(mt)] we can write the equation for an FM
signal as follows:
S (t ) Ac {J 0 ( ) cos( c t ) J1 ( )[cos( c m )t cos( c m )t ]
J 2 ( )[cos( c 2 m )t cos( c 2 m )t ]
J 3 ( )[cos( c 3 m )t cos( c 3 m )t ]
..........

Since

J n ( ) J n ( )

for n is even

And

J n ( ) J n ( )

for n is odd

i.e.,

s(t ) A J n ( ) cos[(c nm )t ]
n

29

30

Mathematical analysis of FM
This is an infinite Fourier series. The
coefficient Jn() is called the Bessel
Function of the first kind and of order n.

31

Frequency spectrum of FM
The FM modulated signal in time domain
s (t ) A

J n( ) cos[(c nm )t ]

Observations
From this equation it can be seen that the frequency
spectrum of an FM waveform with a sinusoidal
modulating signal is a discrete frequency spectrum
made up of components spaced at frequency c n m.
By analogy with AM modulation, these frequency
components are called sidebands.
32

We can see that the expression for s(t) is an


infinite series. Therefore the frequency
spectrum of an FM signal has an infinite
number of sidebands.
The amplitudes of the carrier and sidebands of
an FM signals are given by the corresponding
Bessel Functions, which are themselves
functions of the modulation index.

33

34

Examples from the graph


= 0: When = 0 the carrier is unmodulated and J0(0) = 1,

= 2.4: From the graph (approximately)

Table

J0(2.4) = 0, J1(2.4) = 0.5, J2(2.4) = 0.45 and J3(2.4) = 0.2

35

Spectra of an FM Signal with Sinusoidal


Modulation

J0(1.0)
1.0
J1(1.0)

J2(1.0)

BT

f
36

Spectra of an FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulation


The following spectra show the effect of modulation index, , on
the bandwidth of an FM signal, and the relative amplitudes of the
carrier and sidebands

1.0

BT

37

Spectra of an FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulation

1.0

f
BT

38

Carsons Rule for FM Bandwidth


An approximation for the bandwidth of an FM signal is given by
BW = 2(Maximum frequency deviation + highest modulated
frequency)

Bandwidth 2(f c f m )

Carsons Rule

Therefore the bandwidth required is given by:


B=2(+1)fm

(fm=f)
39

The total bandwidth required for FM can be


determined
from
the
bandwidth
of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + )fm, where is
usually 4.

f c k f Am

and f c k f m(t ) max


f m 2 f m
40

Bandwidth
For FM, the bandwidth varies with both deviation and
modulating frequency.
Increasing modulating frequency reduces modulation
index so it reduces the number of sidebands with
significant amplitude.
On the other hand, increasing modulating frequency
increases the frequency separation between sidebands.
Bandwidth increases with modulation frequency but is
not directly proportional to it.
41

FM bandwidth

42

The bandwidth of a stereo audio signal


is usually 15 KHz. Therefore, an FM
station needs at least a bandwidth of
150 KHz. The FCC requires the
minimum bandwidth to be at least 200
KHz (0.2 MHz).

43

FM band allocation

44

FM band allocation

FM stations are allowed carrier frequencies anywhere between 88 and 108


MHz.

Stations must be separated by at least 200 KHz to keep their bandwidths


from overlapping.

Bandwidth of an FM signal is equal to 10 times the bandwidth of the


modulating signal and, like AM bandwidths, covers a range centred on the
carrier frequency. BWt = 10 x BWm.

To create even more privacy, FCC requires that in a given area, only
alternate bandwidth allocations may be used. Others remain unused to
prevent any possibility of two stations interfering with each other.

Given 88 to 108 MHz as a range, there are 100 potential FM bandwidths in


an area, of which 50 can operate at any one time.
45

46

Power in FM signals
The power of a sinusoidal signal depends only on
the square of the amplitude and not on the
frequency.
The amplitude of an FM wave is constant and
therefore the total power of an FM signal is
independent of the modulation index. This
contrasts with the AM where the power of the
modulated signal is a function of the modulation
index.
47

Power in FM signals
This can be confirmed by an important property of
the Bessel functions, namely:

J 0 2 J 1 2 J 2 2 J 3 ....... J 0 2 J n 1
2

n 1

In other words the total power in the carrier plus


the sidebands is constant.

48

Power in FM
The combined power in a FM signal is

A
A 2
2
P

J 0 2 J n
2R 2R
n 1

49

Frequency Modulation

50

Comparison of FM and PM

51

Types of FM
Depending on the values of , we may
distinguish two cases of frequency
modulation:
Narrowband FM, <<1.
Wideband FM, is large.

52

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