Angle Modulation
Angle Modulation
Introduction
There are three parameters of a carrier that may
carry information:
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
Angle Modulation
We have seen that an AM signal can be represented as
s (t ) A1 m cos m t ] cos c t
c t represents
Phase Modulation
Phase modulation consists in varying the phase
of the carrier voltage in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the modulating voltage.
Phase Modulation
Due to simpler hardware requirements, PM is used in
some systems as an alternative to frequency
modulation.
Peak amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal
remain constant, but as the amplitude of the
information signal changes, the phase of the carrier
changes correspondingly.
Phase Modulation
In this type of angle modulation, the phase angle (t) is varied
linearly with a modulating signal f(t) about an unmodulated
phase angle ct. That is to say, the instantaneous value of a
phase angle i is equal to the phase of an unmodulated carrier
ct plus a time varying component proportional to f(t).
Mathematically,
i t c t K P f (t )
PM A cos i t A cos ct K P f (t )
v PM = Acos
tc+ K
Acos
t
m
m
= Acos
tc+ cos mt
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Frequency Modulation
Frequency modulation consists in varying the
frequency of the carrier voltage in accordance with
the instantaneous value of the modulating voltage.
In particular, the frequency of the FM wave is
maximum when the modulating signal is at its
positive peak and is minimum when the modulating
signal is at its negative peak.
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Frequency modulation
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FM Signal Waveforms
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FM Signal Waveforms.
Frequency changes at the input are translated to rate of change of
frequency at the output.
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Frequency Modulation
Frequency Modulation (FM) is produced when the
instantaneous value of the angular frequency, i ,is
equal to the frequency c of the unmodulated carrier
plus a time varying component proportional to f(t). i.e:
i c K f f (t )
The term Kf represents the frequency sensitivity of the
modulator expressed in Hz/volt.
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i i dt c K f f (t ) dt c t K f
f (t ) dt
FM A cos i A cos c t K f
f (t ) dt
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Integrator
dt
PM
Modulator
Generation of FM
vFM(t)
t
vFM t Ec cos c t k f vm t dt
Differentiator
vm(t)
d
dt
FM
Modulator
Generation of PM
vPM(t)
vPM (t ) Ec cos[ct k p vm (t )]
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Frequency Modulation
In FM, the message signal f(t) controls the frequency fc of the carrier.
Consider the carrier
vc (t ) A cos c t
Acos
ti = Acos 2f
ti = Acos i = Acos
and is the
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di
= 2f i
dt
1 di
2 dt
Since i = 2f i t then
i.e., the frequency is proportional to the rate of change
of angle.
If fi is the instantaneous value of carrier and fm is the
modulating frequency, then we may deduce that
f i = f c + f c cos mt =
or
fi =
1 di
2 dt
1 di
= f c + f c cos m t
2 dt
i.e.,
di
= 2f c + 2f c cos m t
dt
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i c + 2f c cos mt dt
2f c sin m t
i = c t +
m
f c
i = c t +
sin m t
fm
s t = Acos i
f c
s (t ) A cos(c t
sin(mt )
fm
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The ratio
and . i.e.,
mf =
1)
2)
f c
fm
modulating frequency
f m m
m
FM equation
vFM
t Ec cos ct k f vm t dt
0
where vm Em sin 2 f mt
f c
s (t ) A cos(c t
sin(mt )
fm
The equation
f c
s t = Acos c t +
sin m t
fm
may be
s t = A J n cos c + nm t
n=
Amp
fc
Amp
fc fm
Amp
fc fm
A J 2 ( ) cos(c 2m )t A J 2 ( ) cos(c 2m )t
Amp
fc 2 fm
Amp
fc 2 f m
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Mathematical analysis of FM
For the case of a sinusoidal modulating signal, the
FM wave is given by:
s(t) = A cos[ct+ sin(m(t))]
Using a standard identity, this can be written as:
s(t) = Acos(ct)cos[sin(m(t))]
- Asin(ct)sin[sin(m(t))]
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Since
J n ( ) J n ( )
for n is even
And
J n ( ) J n ( )
for n is odd
i.e.,
s(t ) A J n ( ) cos[(c nm )t ]
n
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Mathematical analysis of FM
This is an infinite Fourier series. The
coefficient Jn() is called the Bessel
Function of the first kind and of order n.
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Frequency spectrum of FM
The FM modulated signal in time domain
s (t ) A
J n( ) cos[(c nm )t ]
Observations
From this equation it can be seen that the frequency
spectrum of an FM waveform with a sinusoidal
modulating signal is a discrete frequency spectrum
made up of components spaced at frequency c n m.
By analogy with AM modulation, these frequency
components are called sidebands.
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Table
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J0(1.0)
1.0
J1(1.0)
J2(1.0)
BT
f
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1.0
BT
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1.0
f
BT
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Bandwidth 2(f c f m )
Carsons Rule
(fm=f)
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f c k f Am
Bandwidth
For FM, the bandwidth varies with both deviation and
modulating frequency.
Increasing modulating frequency reduces modulation
index so it reduces the number of sidebands with
significant amplitude.
On the other hand, increasing modulating frequency
increases the frequency separation between sidebands.
Bandwidth increases with modulation frequency but is
not directly proportional to it.
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FM bandwidth
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FM band allocation
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FM band allocation
To create even more privacy, FCC requires that in a given area, only
alternate bandwidth allocations may be used. Others remain unused to
prevent any possibility of two stations interfering with each other.
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Power in FM signals
The power of a sinusoidal signal depends only on
the square of the amplitude and not on the
frequency.
The amplitude of an FM wave is constant and
therefore the total power of an FM signal is
independent of the modulation index. This
contrasts with the AM where the power of the
modulated signal is a function of the modulation
index.
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Power in FM signals
This can be confirmed by an important property of
the Bessel functions, namely:
J 0 2 J 1 2 J 2 2 J 3 ....... J 0 2 J n 1
2
n 1
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Power in FM
The combined power in a FM signal is
A
A 2
2
P
J 0 2 J n
2R 2R
n 1
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Frequency Modulation
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Comparison of FM and PM
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Types of FM
Depending on the values of , we may
distinguish two cases of frequency
modulation:
Narrowband FM, <<1.
Wideband FM, is large.
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