Urbanization
Urbanization refers to a process in which an
increasing proportion of a society live in cities and the
suburbs of cities. Historically, it has been closely
connected with industrialization.
Industrialization is a process that extensively uses
inanimate sources of energy to enhance human
productivity.
Following industrialization, surpluses increased in both
agriculture and industry. Larger and larger proportions
of a population could live in cities. Economic forces
were such that cities became the ideal places to locate
factories and their workers.
What is Urbanization ?
Urbanization is the shift from a rural to an urban
society, bringing a large concentration of people
into towns and cities. This process usually occurs
when a nation is still developing. Leads to a
general increase in the population and
industralization .
History of urbanization
The beginning of urbanization can be traced back
to Renaissance times in 16th century.
Turkish assaults resulted in movement of
Christians from the east to western European
countries. As a result, trade grew and European
cities along the coasts developed greatly.
Percentage of people living in
cities 2009
TOP MAGNET CITY IN WORLD
World
Urban population: 50.5% of total population
(2010)
Rate of urbanization: 1.85% annual rate of change
Ten Largest urban agglomerations:
Tokyo (Japan)
Delhi (India)
Sao Paulo (Brazil)
Mumbai (India)
Mexico City (Mexico)
New York-Newark (US)
Shanghai (China)
Kolkata (India)
Dhaka (Bangladesh)
Karachi (Pakistan)
The Worlds Ten Largest Metropolises
GRAPH OF WORLD POPULATION
Causes of Urbanization
Industrial Revolution
Industrialization following the Industrial
Revolution
Emergence of large manufacturing
centers
Job Opportunities
Availability of easy transportation
Migration
Causes of Urbanization
Rural to urban migration is happening on a
massive scale due to population pressure
and lack of resources in rural areas.
People living in rural areas are PULLED
to the city. Often they believe that the
standard of living in urban areas will be
much better in urban areas.
Natural increase caused by a decrease in
death rates while birth rates remain high.
Demographic Transition
Theory
Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population
growth, high birth rates offset by high death rates.
Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population
growth, birth rates are relatively high, death rates
decline.
Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and
Urbanization - very little population growth occurs,
birth rates and death rates are low.
Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as
more women are employed and raising children
becomes more costly.
Demographic Transition
Theory
Effects of Urbanization
A range of economic, political,social,
cultural and environmental factors
affect urbanization.
Urbanization is encouraged socially
and culturally through the media.
Socio-cultural impacts
Cities have a strong socio-cultural impacts
on their surrounding rural areas. The mass
media depicts city life as superior to rural
life, the STANDARD language is deemed
that of the national capital, and better
services are received in the city due to its
wealth.
The fertility rate in cities is often lower than
in rural areas due to the absence of
agriculture, the cost of children,food and
living space in cities, and family planning.
Socio-economic impacts
As a city grows, the cost of housing and
infrastructure also grows, since there are
less water, land and building material
available,and greater congestion
problems.As a city decays in this way,
governments often do not meet the service
needs of residents and urban development
is dominated by private capital.
Unemployment grows,as do drug
abuse,crime and homelessness.
Socio-economic impacts
As a city grows, the cost of housing and
infrastructure also grows, since there are
less water, land and building material
available,and greater congestion
problems.As a city decays in this way,
governments often do not meet the service
needs of residents and urban development
is dominated by private capital.
Unemployment grows,as do drug
abuse,crime and homelessness.
Environmental impacts
Waste are a major problem in
large cities.
Air pollution results from overdependence on motorised
transport and from burning of
coal to supply energy.
Water pollution results from
poor sewage facililties and
disposal of industrial heavy
metals into waterways.
Vast quantities of solid waste
are produced in industries.
Traffic congestion and noise
pollution are major
environmental impacts of large
cities.
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Adverse effects of Urbanization
There is increasing competition for facilities due to the high
standard of
living in urban areas, which has triggered several
negative effects:Slums and its consequences of overcrowding.
Lack of sanitation,
Poverty,
Illiteracy,
Unemployment and
Crime is the worst impact of urbanization.
Global warming, air ,pollution, water scarcity and pollution
and loss of
forest cover, agricultural land and depletion of wildlife as a
result of
urban sprawl, pose serious threats to the environment.
Benefits of Urbanisation
Improvement in economy
Growth of commercial activities
Social & cultural integration
Efficient services
Resources of utilization
Effects of Urbanization
Positive
Negative
Pluses
Benefits include reduced transport
costs, exchange of ideas, and sharing
of natural resources.
Cities act as beacons for the rural
population because they represent a
higher standard of living
Cities offer opportunities to people not
available in the countryside
Pluses
Social & Religious taboos/ sanctions
disappearing
Education is a tool to eradicate social
evils
Industrialization, Urbanization,
Education, Legislation, Secularizationsequence of development
Diffusion of urban culture to rural areas
Minuses
Industrial cities were difficult places to live in due to:
Public health issues resulting from contaminated water
and air and the spread communicable diseases due to
overcrowding.
Unemployment and under employment
Severe shortage of housing
Transportation-commuting issues, lack of public
transport, no adequate investment
Social effects - poverty, lack of opportunities,
psychological problems, alcoholism, drugs, crime,
violence and other deviant behaviors
Public health
Sanitation - the settlements were ill equipped to
handle large populations and their sanitation needs
Pollution Caused by effluents, smoke and smog
Fire hazards due to use of flammable materials
and proximity/ congestion
Epidemics - due to spread of communicable
diseases caused by contaminated water & air
Unemployment
Unemployment is the condition of
willing workers lacking jobs or "gainful
employment". Before industrialization
unemployment has been said not to
have been recognized as an issue in
rural areas, despite the "disguised
unemployment" of rural laborers having
little to do, especially in conditions of
overpopulation
Impact of unemployment on
society
Individual failure to meet financial
obligations such as purchasing food to
feed oneself and one's family, and
paying one's bills, failure to make
mortgage payments or to pay rent
may lead to homelessness.
Societal - rising unemployment
increases the crime rate
Housing
Overcrowding
Loss of privacy
Lack of housing contributes directly to
crime, stress, and family breakdown
Shortage of livable housing leading to
growth of slums
Human beings have a right to lead a
life of dignity
Transportation
Transport or transportation is the
movement of people and goods from
one place to another.
Because of the much higher densities
of people and activities in cities,
transportation is a key issue.
Inadequate/ lack of public transport
creates commuting problems leading
to loss of efficiency.
Social Effects - Poverty
Poverty is generally defined at the
individual or family level as not having
enough money to buy basic necessities.
Poverty is caused by lack of opportunities
Poverty causes malnutrition and illness; it
is a major source of mental stress and
loss of self-esteem which may lead to
depression, and have a further negative
impact on health.
Social Effects - Crime
Financial insecurity
No welfare systems in place
Lack of meaningful work (Low importance
to meaningful work and high importance
to higher profits and greater efficiency)
Anonymity -direct correlation between
higher crime rate and higher rootlessness
Urbanization in India
In India, about 38% of the population
lives in cities.
The process of urbanization is still
nascent in the Indian context.
Ancient India was a civilized society with
many urban centers and centers of learning.
Early Urbanization - Mohenjodaro
Harappa
Capitals
- Kanauj
- Ujjain
Religious Centers - Bodh Gaya
- Varanashi
University towns - Takshasila
Nalanda
Mughal Cities
Agra
Lahore
Fatehpur
Sikri
The seven cities of Delhi
Colonial Cities Delhi, Pondicherry,
Goa
Cantonment Towns Bangalore,
Secunderabad, Nagpur,Lucknow
Hill Resorts Shimla, Nainital,
Darjeeling, Ooty, Kodaikanal
Ports Surat, Mumbai, Calicut,
Kolkatta, Vizag, Chennai
Effects of Colonization
Introduction of Western systems of
education
Macaulization (after Lord Macaulay) of
Indian Education
Development of labor force- skilled/
unskilled
Independent India
Administrative
capitals Center &
State
Industrial Towns Bhilai, Rourkela,
Jamshedpur, Ahmedabad, Surat,
Kolar
Today
Megacities Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkatta,
Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad
Rapid Urbanization- rate of
urbanization increasing
The process of urbanization is still
nascent in the Indian context.
This explains the focus of global
attention on the developing nations.
There are huge profits to be made in
the process of development.
Urbanization in India
Urbanization in India was mainly caused after
independence, due to adoption of mixed system of
economy by the country which gave rise to the
development of private sector.
Population residing in urban areas in India,
according to 1901 census, was 11.4%.This count
increased to 28.53% in 2001, and crossing 30% as
per 2011 census, standing at 31.16%.
Population statistics
Causes of Urbanization
Industrialization: Major cause of urbanization. It
has expanded the employment opportunities. Rural
people have migrated to cities on account of better
employment opportunities.
Social factors: Social factors such as better
standard of living, better educational facilities
induce people to migrate to cities.
Employment opportunities : In rural sector
people depend mainly on agriculture for their
livelihood , but Indian agriculture depends on
monsoon. Due to drought people move to cities.
IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION
IMPACT ON BUSINESS
Positive
Impacts
Increase in market .
Profits of the business will increase.
Business can benefit from the infrastructure.
Negative
Impacts
Small scale industries will lose market.
Agricultural will take a back seat
IMPACTS ON SOCIETY
Positive
Impacts
Employment opportunities will increase
Standard of living increases
Easier access to healthcare, education ,
entertainment.
More Transport facilities .
Social Integration
Negative
Impacts
Change in consumption patterns will lead to
various health complications.
Loss of tradition and culture.
Crime rate increases
Increase in the price of land.
Negative
Impacts
Causes various kinds of pollution like land, air and
water pollution.
Deforestation
Habitat Loss
More stress on resources
Will lead to scarcity of resources
IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT
Positive
Impacts
The same output can be produced using fewer
resources so urbanization reduces the ecological
footprint.
Urbanization allows more people to have access to
environment-friendly facilities and services at
affordable prices.
Urbanization drives innovation, including green
technologies.
CONCLUSION
Urbanization can have a critical role in future
development scenarios . Urbanization can be
critical for economic growth , for reduction of
poverty , for stabilization of population growth and
for long term sustainability .
The challenge is not to control the rate of
urbanization but to achieve a pace and pattern of
urban development that is beneficial .
