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3 Limits

Here are the step-by-step solutions to evaluate the given limits: 1. limx→2 (x+3) = 5 2. limx→-1/2 3 = 3 3. limx→0 π = π 4. limx→1 (-8) = -8 5. limx→0 x2 = 0 6. limx→1 x3 = 1 7. limx→2/3 x5 = (2/3)5

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ian
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45 views65 pages

3 Limits

Here are the step-by-step solutions to evaluate the given limits: 1. limx→2 (x+3) = 5 2. limx→-1/2 3 = 3 3. limx→0 π = π 4. limx→1 (-8) = -8 5. limx→0 x2 = 0 6. limx→1 x3 = 1 7. limx→2/3 x5 = (2/3)5

Uploaded by

ian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LIMITS OF ALGEBRAIC

FUNCTIONS

Objectives:
Define and interpret the limit of a function
using graphs
Solve the limit of a function using
analytical solution and limit theorems
Solve the limit of a quotient using
factoring, expansion and rationalization
Solve the limit of a function using one
sided limits
Show vertical and horizontal asymptotes
using limit at infinity

The concept of limit


is the cornerstone
of both differential
and integral
calculus.

APPLICATIONS
IN REAL LIFE

What do you
mean by LIMIT?

A limit means getting as


close to something as you
can without actually
getting there.

A limit is the intended


height of a function.

Limit notation:

lim f x L
x c

The limit of f of x as x
approaches c is L.
As x gets close to a number c, y, f(x),
gets close to a number L. .

1) Zenos paradox:
-A man standing in a room cannot walk to
the wall.
-He can only get as close as he can to
the wall but not to the exact position of
the wall.
2) We can never be exactly like our
parents.
-We can only imitate their actions.

One Sided Limits

Ex. Evaluate

lim ( x 3)
x 2

Study the behavior of the linear function


as takes on values closer and closer to
2 from both sides.
values less than 2
values greater than 2
x 2

x 2+

-2

-1

1.99 1.999

2.001

2.01

y=f(x)

4.99

5.001

5.01

4.999

lim ( x 3) 5
x 2

lim ( x 3) 5
x 2

PROPERTIES OF
LIMITS

PROPERTIES OF LIMITS

Limit
of a Constant

If is the constant function , then for any


value ,

PROPERTIES OF LIMITS
Evaluate:

lim 2 2
x 3

lim 3

x 1 / 2

lim

x 0

lim(8)
x 1

PROPERTIES OF LIMITS

Identity Function
If is the identity function , then for any
value ,

PROPERTIES OF LIMITS
Evaluate:

lim x 5
x 5

lim x 0
x 0

lim x -2

x 2

lim x

x 2 / 3

ALGEBRAIC PROPERTIES OF LIMITS


The Sum Rule
The limit of the sum of two functions is
the sum of their limits.

ALGEBRAIC PROPERTIES OF LIMITS


The Difference Rule
The limit of the difference of two
functions is the difference of their limits.

ALGEBRAIC PROPERTIES OF LIMITS


The Constant Multiple Rule
The limit of a constant times a function is
the constant times the limit of the function.

Examples:
Evaluate the following:

1.)
2.)

ALGEBRAIC PROPERTIES OF LIMITS


The Product Rule
The limit of the product of two functions
is the product of their limits.

ALGEBRAIC PROPERTIES OF LIMITS


The Quotient Rule
The limit of the quotient of two functions
is the quotient of their limits, provided the
limit of the denominator is not zero.

ALGEBRAIC PROPERTIES OF LIMITS


The Power Rule
The limit of a function to a rational number
power is the power of the limit of the function,
provided the latter is a real number.

if exists.

Examples:
Evaluate the following:

3.)
4.)
5.)

LIMITS of POLYNOMIALS AND


RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

If and are polynomials, then


and if .

Evaluating Limits:
1. Substitute. Plug the value of c into
the function. If the answer is a real
number, that is the limit.

2. If we plug c and we get the


indeterminate form, , we need to
simplify the function by:
a. Factoring
b. Conjugate method
c. Creating a table of values

Evaluating
Limits:

Find

Evaluate :

1 2 1
lim x x x x
x 3
2
3
3

1 2 1
41
lim 3 3 3 3
x 3
2
3
2
3

Evaluate:

4x 7
lim
x 1
x2
3

Since
the limit of the
denominator 0 as ,
you can use the
quotient rule.

Evaluating Rational Functions


1. If the denominator consists of single
term and approaches 0, simplification of
the expression should be done first
before evaluating the limit.

Evaluate:

(x a) a
lim
x 0
x

REVIEW:SPECIAL PRODUCT

( x+ y) (x y)
( x+ y)2 =
( x - y)2

= x2 - y 2

x2 + 2xy + y2
= x2 - 2xy + y2

( x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3


( x - y)3

= x3 - 3x2y + 3xy2 - y3

REVIEW: FACTORING

x2 - y 2

= ( x+ y) (x y)

x2 + 2xy + y2

= ( x+ y)2

x2 - 2xy + y2

= ( x - y)2

x3 - y3

= ( x y) ( x2 + xy + y2)

x3 + y3 = ( x + y) ( x2 - xy + y2)

Evaluate:

( x 2) 4
lim
x 0
x
2

( x 2) 2 4
y f (x )
x

( x 2) 4
4
lim
x 0
x
2

Evaluate:

( x h) x
lim
h 0
h
3

Evaluating Rational Functions


2. If the denominator consists of two
or more terms and approaches 0,
simplify the expression thru
factoring.

x x2
lim
x 1
x 1
2

( x 2)( x 1)
lim
x 1
x 1
lim ( x 2) 3
x 1

Evaluate:

( x 1)
lim
x 1 x 1
2

( x 1)( x 1)
lim
x 1
x 1
lim ( x 1) 2
x 1

Evaluate:

x 27
lim
x 3 x 3
3

x 27
lim
27
x 3 x 3
3

Evaluate:

x 1
2
lim 2
x 1 x 3 x 2
2

Evaluating Rational Functions


Limits that have sums or differences involving
square roots can be simplified by conjugation.

Recall:
Conjugate

Product

a - b

a2 - b2

x y

x y

x- y

x 3 4

x 3 4

x - 13

a +

x 3 x 5

x 3 x 5

Evaluating Rational Functions


Evaluate:

lim

x 0

x2 2
x

x2 2
x2 2

x
x2 2

lim

x 0

x2 2
x x2 2

lim

x 0

x 22

x x2 2

1
1

x2 2
2 2

=0.353
55

Evaluate:

lim

x 0

x2 2
x

0.354

Evaluate:

4( x 4)
lim
x 4
x 2

x 2
4( x 4)

lim
x 4
x 2
x 2
4 x 4

lim 4
x 4

x 2
2

4 x 4 x 2

x 4

x 2 4

4 2 16

Evaluate:

4( x 4)
lim
x 4
x 2
= 16

Evaluating Rational Functions


3. Functions involving two or more fractional
terms and the denominator approaching
zero, can be evaluated by simplifying the
function.

Evaluate:

x
1
lim

x 1 x 1
x 1

x
1
lim

x 1 x 1
x 1
x 1

x 1
2

lim x 1
x 1

1 x 1
x 1

=2

Evaluate:
2

x
1
lim

x 1 x 1
x 1

=2

Evaluate:

1
4
1
4
lim
2

x 2 x 2
( x 4)
x 2 ( x 2)( x 2)
1( x 2) 4
x2

( x 2)( x 2)
( x 2)( x 2)
1
1
1
lim

0.25
x 2 ( x 2)
(2 2)
4

Evaluate the given limit, if it exists.


1.

5.

2.

6.

3.

7.

4.

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