Scribd
Upload
411 views35 pages

Miller Indices Class

- Miller indices provide a shorthand notation to describe crystallographic directions and planes in materials. They are determined by finding the intercepts of planes or projections of directions onto the crystal lattice axes and reducing them to lowest integer ratios. - For planes, the reciprocals of the intercepts are taken before reducing to integers which are written in parentheses, e.g. (110). For directions, the indices are written in square brackets, e.g. [110]. - Families of crystallographically equivalent planes and directions that have the same atomic packing are also defined.

Uploaded by

DhiyaAldeenAl-Serhany
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
411 views35 pages

Miller Indices Class

- Miller indices provide a shorthand notation to describe crystallographic directions and planes in materials. They are determined by finding the intercepts of planes or projections of directions onto the crystal lattice axes and reducing them to lowest integer ratios. - For planes, the reciprocals of the intercepts are taken before reducing to integers which are written in parentheses, e.g. (110). For directions, the indices are written in square brackets, e.g. [110]. - Families of crystallographically equivalent planes and directions that have the same atomic packing are also defined.

Uploaded by

DhiyaAldeenAl-Serhany
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

MILLER INDICES

PLANES
DIRECTIONS

From the law of rational indices developed by French Physicist and mineralogist
Abb Ren Just Hay
and popularized by
William Hallowes Miller

Points, Directions and Planes in the


Unit Cell
Miller indices - A shorthand notation to describe certain
crystallographic directions and planes in a material.
Denoted by [ ], <>, ( ) brackets. A negative number is
represented by a bar over the number.

Point Coordinates

Coordinates of selected points in the unit cell.


The number refers to the distance from the origin in terms of lattice
parameters.

PointCoordinates
Coordinates
Point
z

Point coordinates for unit cell


center are

111

a/2, b/2, c/2


y

000

a
x

Point coordinates for unit cell


corner are 111

2c

Translation: integer multiple


of lattice constants
identical position in
another unit cell

b
4

Crystallographic Directions
z

Algorithm

1.Vector repositioned (if necessary) to


pass
through origin.
2.Read off projections in terms of
unit cell dimensions a, b, and c
y
3.Adjust to smallest integer values
4.Enclose in square brackets, no
commas

ex: 1, 0,

=> 2, 0, 1

-1, 1, 1

=> [ 111 ]

[uvw]
=> [ 201 ]
where overbar represents a negative
index

CRYSTAL DIRECTIONS
To find the Miller indices of a direction,
Choose a perpendicular plane to that direction.
Find the Miller indices of that perpendicular plane.
The perpendicular plane and the direction have
the same Miller indices value.
Therefore, the Miller indices of the perpendicular
plane is written within a square bracket to
represent the Miller indices of the direction like [ ].
PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 2

Miller Indices for directions

(4,3)

(0,0)
5a + 3b

b
a

Miller indices [53]

IMPORTANT DIRECTIONS IN CRYSTAL

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 2

PROBLEMS

Worked Example
Find the angle between the directions [2 1 1] and [1 1 2]
in a
cubic crystal.
The two directions are [2 1 1] and [1 1 2]
We know that the angle between the two directions,

cos

u1 u 2 v1 v 2 w1 w 2
(u12 v12 w12 ) (u 22 v 22 w 22 )
PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 2

PROBLEMS

In this case, u1 = 2, v1 = 1, w1 = 1, u2 = 1, v2 = 1, w2 = 2

cos

(2 1) (1 1) (1
22 12 l 2

2)

12 12 22

5
6

(or) cos = 0.833


= 35 3530.

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 2

10

Families of Directions
<uvw>
For some crystal structures,
several nonparallel directions with
different indices are
crystallographically equivalent;
this means that atom spacing
along each direction is the same.

11

Crystallographic Planes
If the plane passes thru origin, either:
Construct another plane, or
Create a new origin
Then, for each axis, decide whether plane
intersects or parallels the axis.

Algorithmfor Miller indices


1. Read off intercepts of plane with
axes in terms of a, b, c
2. Take reciprocals of intercepts
3.Reduce to smallest integer values
4.Enclose in parentheses, no commas.
12

MILLER INDICES
The crystal lattice may be regarded as made
up of an infinite set of parallel equidistant
planes passing through the lattice points
which are known as lattice planes.
In simple terms, the planes passing through
lattice points are called lattice planes.
For a given lattice, the lattice planes can be
chosen in a different number of ways.
PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 2

13

MILLER INDICES
The orientation of planes or faces in a crystal can be
described in terms of their intercepts on the three
axes.
Miller introduced a system to designate a plane in a
crystal.
He introduced a set of three numbers to specify a
plane in a crystal.
This set of three numbers is known as Miller Indices
of the concerned plane.
PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 2

14

MILLER INDICES
Procedure for finding Miller Indices
Step 1: Determine the intercepts of the plane
along the axes X,Y and Z in terms of
the lattice constants a,b and c.
Step 2: Determine the reciprocals of these
numbers.

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 2

15

MILLER INDICES
Step 3: Find the least common denominator (lcd)
and multiply each by this lcd.
Step 4:The result is written in paranthesis.This is
called the `Miller Indices of the plane in
the form (h k l).
This is called the `Miller Indices of the plane in the form
(h k l).

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 2

16

Crystallographic Planes
Crystallographic planes are specified by 3
Miller Indices (h k l). All parallel planes have
same Miller indices.

17

Crystallographic Planes
z
example
1.
Intercepts
2.
Reciprocals
3.

Reduction

4.

Miller Indices

example
1.
Intercepts
2.
Reciprocals
3.

Reduction

4.

Miller Indices

a
1
1/1
1
1

b
1
1/1
1
1

1/
0
0

(110)
a
1/2
1/
2
2

1/
0
0

y
b

a
x

1/
0
0

y
a

(200)

x
18

Crystallographic Planes
example
1.

Intercepts

a
1/2

2.

Reciprocals

1/

3.

Reduction

4.

Miller Indices

b
1

c
3/4

1/1

1/

4/3

z
c

(634)

19

Family of Planes
Planes that are crystallographically
equivalent have the same atomic
packing.
Also, in cubic systems only, planes
having the same indices, regardless of
order and sign, are equivalent.
Ex: {111} _

Ex:

___

__

_ _

__

= (111), (111), (111), (111), (111), (111), (111),


(111)
{100} = (100),
(010),(001), (100),(010),(001)
20

FCC Unit Cell with (110)


plane

21

BCC Unit Cell with (110)


plane

22

Miller Indices for planes


(0,0,1)

(0,3,0)

(2,0,0)

Find intercepts along axes 2 3 1


Take reciprocal 1/2 1/3 1
Convert to smallest integers in the same ratio 3 2 6
Enclose in parenthesis (326)

Intercepts 1
Plane (100)
Family {100} 3

Intercepts 1 1
Plane (110)
Family {110} 6

Intercepts 1 1 1
Plane (111)
Family {111} 8
(Octahedral plane)

Hexagonal crystals Miller-Bravais Indices


a3

Intercepts 1 1 -
Plane (1 1 2 0)

(h k i l)
i = (h + k)

a2

a1

The use of the 4 index notation is to bring out the equivalence


between crystallographically equivalent planes and directions

Examples to show the utility of the 4 index notation

a3

a2

a1
Intercepts 1 -1

Intercepts 1 -1

Miller (1 1 0 )

Miller (0 1 0)

Miller-Bravais (1 1 0 0 )

Miller-Bravais (0 1 1 0)

Directions

Directions are projected onto the basis vectors to determine the components

[1120]

a1

a2

a3

Projections

a/2

a/2

Normalized wrt LP

1/2

1/2

Factorization

Indices

[1 1 2 0]

Intercepts 1 1 - 1
Plane (1 1 2 1)

Intercepts 1 1 1
Plane (1 0 1 1)

SUMMARY

Crystallographic points, directions and planes


are specified in terms of indexing schemes.
Materials can be single crystals or
polycrystalline.
Material properties generally vary with single
crystal orientation (anisotropic), but are
generally non-directional (isotropic) in
polycrystals with randomly oriented grains.
Some materials can have more than one
crystal structure. This is referred to as
polymorphism (or allotropy).
29

Determine the plane on crystal


structure with the following Index
Miller:
(1 0 -1) (2 -1 1) (0 1 2) (3 -1 3) (-1 -1 1)
(-2 1 2) (3 -1 2) (3 0 1)
http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/miller_indices/draw_lattic
e.php

You might also like