CIRCUITS 1

DEVELOP TOOLS FOR THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

BASIC LINEAR ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

A FEW WORDS ABOUT ANALYSIS

USING MATHEMATICAL MODELS

BASIC STRATEGY USED IN ANALYSIS

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

THE MATHEMATICS CLASSES - LINEAR ALGEBR

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS- PROVIDE THE TOO
TO SOLVE THE MATHEMATICAL MODELS

DEVELOP A SET OF MATHEMATICAL

EQUATIONS THAT REPRESENT THE CIRCUIT FOR THE FIRST PART WE WILL BE EXPECTED
TO SOLVE SYSTEMS OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATION
- A MATEMATICAL MODEL LEARN HOW TO SOLVE THE MODEL TO
DETERMINE HOW THE CIRCUIT WILL BEHAVE
IN A GIVEN SITUATION

12V1 9V2 4V3 8

4V1 16V2 V3 0
2V1 4V2 6V3 20

THIS COURSE TEACHES THE BASIC TECHNIQUES

TO DEVELOP MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR
LATER THE MODELS WILL BE DIFFERENTIAL
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
EQUATIONS OF THE FORM
THE MODELS THAT WILL BE DEVELOPED HAVE
NICE MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES.
IN PARTICULAR THEY WILL BE LINEAR WHICH
MEANS THAT THEY SATISFY THE PRINCIPLE OF
SUPERPOSITION

Model
y Tu
Principle of Superposition
T ( 1 u1 2 u2 ) 1T ( u1 ) 2T ( u2 )

dy
y f
dt
d2y
dy
df

8
y

3
4f
2
dt
dt
dt

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT IS AN INTERCONNECTION OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

2 T E R M IN A L S C O M P O N E N T

b
NODE

ch a ra cte riz e d b y th e
c u rre n t th r o u g h it a n d
t h e v o l t a g e d i ff e r e n c e
b e tw e e n te rm in a ls

The concept of node is extremely

important.
We must learn to identify a node
in any shape or form

NODE

L
R1
R2
vS

TYPICAL LINEAR
CIRCUIT

vO

+
-

C
LOW DISTORTION POWER AMPLIFIER

BASIC CONCEPTS
LEARNING GOALS
System of Units: The SI standard system; prefixes

Basic Quantities: Charge, current, voltage, power and energy

Circuit Elements: Active and Passive

http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/index.html

Information at the foundation of

modern science and technology
from the
Physics Laboratory
of NIST

Detailed contents

Values of the constants

and related information
Searchable bibliography
on the constants

In-depth information on the

, the
SI modern
metric system

Guidelines
for the expression
of uncertainty in measurement
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SI DERIVED BASIC ELECTRICAL UNITS

ONE AMPERE OF CURRENT CARRIES ONE COULOMB OF CHARGE EVERY SECOND.

ACs
1 COULOMB 6.28 1018 (e)
(e) IS THE CHARGEOF ONEELECTRON

VOLT IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER CHARGE.

TWO POINTS HAVE A VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE OF ONE VOLT IF ONE COULOMB OF CHARGE
GAINS ONE JOULE OF CHARGE WHEN IT IS MOVED FROM ONE POINT TO THE OTHER.

J
C

OHM IS A MEASURE OF THE RESISTANCE TO THE FLOW OF CHARGE.

THERE IS ONE OHM OF RESISTENCE IF IT IS REQUIRED ONE VOLT OF ELECTROMOTIVE FO
TO DRIVE THROUGH ONE AMPERE OF CURRENT

V
A

IT IS REQUIRED ONE WATT OF POWER TO DRIVE ONE AMPER OF CURRENT AGAINST AN

ELECTROMOTIVE DIFFERENCE OF ONE VOLTS

W V A

CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RANGES

Strictly speaking current is a basic quantity and charge is derived. However,

physically the electric current is created by a movement of charged particles

What is the meaning of a negative value for q(t)?

q(t )

PROBLEM SOLVING TIP

IF THE CHARGE IS GIVEN DETERMINE THE CURRENT BY
DIFFERENTIATION
IF THE CURRENT IS KNOWN DETERMINE THE CHARGE BY
INTEGRATION
A PHYSICAL ANALOGY THAT HELPS VISUALIZE ELECTRIC
CURRENTS IS THAT OF WATER FLOW.
CHARGES ARE VISUALIZED AS WATER PARTICLES

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE

0 t 0
i (t ) 2 t
e mA t 0

q(t ) 4 10 3 sin(120 t )[C ]

q(t )

i (t ) 4 103 120 cos(120 t ) [ A]

i (t ) 0.480 cos(120 t ) [ mA]

FIND THE CHARGE THAT PASSES

DURING IN THE INTERVAL 0<t<1
1

q e
0

2 x

1
1
1
dx e 2 x e 2 ( e 0 )
2
2
2
0
1
q (1 e 2 )
2

Units?

FIND THE CHARGE AS A FUNCTION OF TIM

q(t )

i ( x )dx e

2 x

dx

t 0 q(t ) 0
t

1
t 0 q (t ) e 2 x dx (1 e 2 t )
2
0
And the units for the charge?...

DETERMINE THE
CURRENT

Charge(pC)

Here we are given the

charge flow as function 30
of time.
20

10 1012 10 1012 C
9
m

10

10
(C / s )
3
s
2 10 0

10
10

1 2 3 4 5 6

Time(ms)

Current(nA
)

To determine current we
40
must take derivatives.
PAY ATTENTION TO
30
UNITS

20
10

10
20

1 2 3 4 5 6

Time(ms)

CONVENTION FOR CURRENTS

THE DOUBLE INDEX NOTATION

IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY TO INDICATE

THE DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT OF CHARGED
PARTICLES.

IF THE INITIAL AND TERMINAL NODE ARE

LABELED ONE CAN INDICATE THEM AS
SUBINDICES FOR THE CURRENT NAME

THE UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED CONVENTION IN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IS THAT CURRENT ISa
FLOW OF POSITIVE CHARGES.
AND WE INDICATE THE DIRECTION OF FLOW
FOR POSITIVE CHARGES
-THE REFERENCE DIRECTIONA POSITIVE VALUE FOR
THE CURRENT INDICATES
FLOW IN THE DIRECTION
OF THE ARROW (THE
REFERENCE DIRECTION)

5A

I ab 5 A

a 3A b a 3A b
I ab 3 A

I ab 3 A

a 3A b a 3A b
A NEGATIVE VALUE FOR
THE CURRENT INDICATES
FLOW IN THE OPPOSITE
DIRECTION THAN THE
REFERENCE DIRECTION

I ba 3 A

I ba 3 A

POSITIVE CHARGES POSITIVE CHARGES

FLOW LEFT-RIGHT FLOW RIGHT-LEFT

I ab I ba

I 2 A

a
2A
I

I cb 4 A
I ab

3A
This example illustrates the various ways
in which the current notation can be used

CONVENTIONS FOR VOLTAGES

ONE DEFINITION FOR VOLT
TWO POINTS HAVE A VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL OF
ONE VOLT IF ONE COULOMB OF CHARGE GAINS
(OR LOSES) ONE JOULE OF ENERGY WHEN IT
MOVES FROM ONE POINT TO THE OTHER
b IF THE CHARGE GAINS
ENERGY MOVING FROM
a TO b THEN b HAS HIGHER
VOLTAGE THAN a.
IF IT LOSES ENERGY THEN
b HAS LOWER VOLTAGE
THAN a

1C

DIMENSIONALLY VOLT IS A DERIVED UNIT

VOLT

JOULE
N m

COULOMB A s

VOLTAGE IS ALWAYS MEASURED IN A RELATIVE FORM AS THE VOLTAGE DIFFEREN

BETWEEN TWO POINTS

IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT OUR NOTATION ALLOWS US TO DETERMINE WHICH POIN

HAS THE HIGHER VOLTAGE

THE + AND - SIGNS

DEFINE THE REFERENCE
POLARITY

IF THE NUMBER V IS POSITIVE POINT A HAS V

VOLTS MORE THAN POINT B.
IF THE NUMBER V IS NEGATIVE POINT A HAS
|V| LESS THAN POINT B

POINT A HAS 2V MORE

THAN POINT B

POINT A HAS 5V LESS

THAN POINT B

THE TWO-INDEX NOTATION FOR VOLTAGES

INSTEAD OF SHOWING THE REFERENCE POLARITY
WE AGREE THAT THE FIRST SUBINDEX DENOTES
THE POINT WITH POSITIVE REFERENCE POLARITY

V AB 2V

V AB 5V

VBA 5V

V AB VBA

ENERGY

VOLTAGE IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER UNIT CHARGE

CHARGES MOVING BETWEEN POINTS WITH DIFFERENT VOLTAGE ABSORB OR
RELEASE ENERGY THEY MAY TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER

BASIC FLASHLIGHT

Converts energy stored in batte

to thermal energy in lamp filame
which turns incandescent and g

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT The battery supplies energy to cha

Lamp absorbs energy from charges
The net effect is an energy transfe
Charges gain
Charges supply
energy here
Energy here

ENERGY
VOLTAGE IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER UNIT CHARGE
CHARGES MOVING BETWEEN POINTS WITH DIFFERENT VOLTAGE ABSORB OR
RELEASE ENERGY

WHAT ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO MOVE 120[C] FROM

POINT B TO POINT A IN THE CIRCUIT?
THE CHARGES MOVE TO A POINT WITH HIGHER
VOLTAGE -THEY GAINED (OR ABSORBED) ENERGY
THE CIRCUIT SUPPLIED ENERGY TO THE CHARGES

V AB 2V

W
W VQ 240J
Q

THE VOLTAGE
DIFFERENCE
IS 5V

5V

WHICH POINT
HAS THE HIGHER
VOLTAGE?

V AB 5V

EXAMPLE
A CAMCODER BATTERY PLATE CLAIMS THAT
THE UNIT STORES 2700mAHr AT 7.2V.
WHAT IS THE TOTAL CHARGE AND ENERGY
STORED?

ENERGY AND POWER

2[C/s] PASS
THROUGH
THE ELEMENT

CHARGE
THE NOTATION 2700mAHr INDICATES THAT
THE UNIT CAN DELIVER 2700mA FOR ONE
FULL HOUR

s
C

3600
1Hr

Hr
S

Q 2700 103

9.72 103[C ]
TOTAL ENERGY STORED
THE CHARGES ARE MOVED THROUGH A 7.2V
VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL

J
3

9
.
72

10
7.2[ J ]

W Q[C ] V

6.998 10 [ J ]

EACH COULOMB OF CHARGE LOSES 3[J]

OR SUPPLIES 3[J] OF ENERGY TO THE
ELEMENT
THE ELEMENT RECEIVES ENERGY AT A
RATE OF 6[J/s]
THE ELECTRIC POWER RECEIVED BY THE
ELEMENT IS 6[W]
IN GENERAL

P VI

t2

w (t 2 , t1 ) p( x )dx
t1

HOW DO WE RECOGNIZE IF AN ELEMENT

SUPPLIES OR RECEIVES POWER?

PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

POWER RECEIVED IS POSITIVE WHILE POWER
SUPPLIED IS CONSIDERED NEGATIVE

Vab

P Vab I ab

THIS IS THE REFERENCE FOR POLARITY

a
I

IF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

ab
ARE BOTH POSITIVE THE
IF THE REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR CURREN
CHARGES MOVE FROM
IS GIVEN
HIGH TO LOW VOLTAGE
ab
AND THE COMPONENT
RECEIVES ENERGY --IT IS
A PASSIVE ELEMENT
EXAMPLE
A CONSEQUENCE OF THIS CONVENTION IS THAT

THE REFERENCE DIRECTIONS FOR CURRENT AND

VOLTAGE ARE NOT INDEPENDENT -- IF WE
ASSUME PASSIVE ELEMENTS
GIVEN THE REFERENCE POLARITY

Vab
a

REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR CURRENT

Vab

2A

a
b
I ab
Vab 10V

THE ELEMENT RECEIVES 20W OF POWER

WHAT IS THE CURRENT?

SELECT REFERENCE DIRECTION BASED O

PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

20[W ] Vab I ab (10V ) I ab

I ab 2[ A]

UNDERSTANDING PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

We must examine the voltage across the component
and the current through it

I
A

S1
B

Current A - A'
positive
positive
positive negative
negative positive
negative negative
Voltage(V)

S1
supplies
receives
receives
supplies

PS1 V AB I AB
S2

PS 2 V A'B ' I A'B '

S2
ONS1
ONS2
receives VAB 0, I AB 0 VA B 0, I A B 0
supplies
ON S2
supplies
V A'B ' 0, I A'B ' 0
receives
'

'

'

'

CHARGES RECEIVE ENERGY.

THIS BATTERY SUPPLIES ENERGY

CHARGES LOSE ENERGY.

THIS BATTERY RECEIVES THE ENERGY

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF THE CONNECTIONS ARE REVERSED

IN ONE OF THE BATTERIES?

DETERMINE WHETHER THE ELEMENTS ARE SUPPLYING OR RECEIVING POWER

AND HOW MUCH

Vab 2V

I ab 4 A
2A

I ab 2 A

Vab 2V

P 8W

SUPPLIES POWER

P 4W

RECEIVES POWER

WHEN IN DOUBT LABEL THE

TERMINALS
OF THE COMPONENT

V12 12V , I12 4 A

V12 4V , I12 2 A

I 8[ A]

V AB 4[V ]
20[W ] V AB (5 A)

SELECT VOLTAGE REFERENCE POLARITY

40[W ] (5V ) I
BASED ON CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION

WHICH TERMINAL HAS HIGHER VOLTAGE AND WHICH IS THE CURRENT FLOW DIRECTIO

V1 20[V ]
40[W ] V1 (2 A)

2A

I 5[ A]

SELECT HERE THE CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION

50[W ] (10[V ]) I
BASED ON VOLTAGE REFERENCE POLARITY

COMPUTE POWER ABDORBED OR SUPPLIED BY EACH ELEMENT

P1 (6V )(2 A)

2 A 6V

24V

1
+
-

2A

18V

P1 = 12W
P2 = 36W
P3 = -48W
P2 (18V )(2 A)

P3 (24V )(2 A) ( 24V )(2 A)

IMPORTANT: NOTICE THE POWER BALANCE IN THE CIRCUIT

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
PASSIVE ELEMENTS
VOLTAGE
DEPENDENT
SOURCES

UNITS FOR , g , r , ?
INDEPENDENT SOURCES

CURRENT
DEPENDENT
SOURCES

EXERCISES WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES

FIND VO

VO 40[V ]

FIND I O

I O 50mA

DETERMINE THE POWER SUPPLIED BY THE DEPENDENT SOURCES

40[V ]
P (40[V ])(2[ A]) 80[W ]
TAKE VOLTAGE POLARITY REFERENCE

P (10[V ])(4 4[ A]) 160[W ]

TAKE CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION

POWER ABSORBED OR SUPPLIED BY EACH

ELEMENT

USE POWER BALANCE TO COMPUTE Io

12W
(12)(9)

(6)( I O )

(10)(3)
(4)(8)
P1 (12V )(4 A) 48[W ]
P2 (24V )(2 A) 48[W ]
P3 (28V )(2 A) 56[W ]
PDS (1I x )(2 A) (4V )(2 A) 8[W ]
P36V (36V )(4 A) 144[W ]
NOTICE THE POWER BALANCE

POWER BALANCE

I O 1[ A]

(8 2)(11)