Mason Rule

(Mason Gain Formula)

Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun
Chapter 3 Paraskevopoulos

Pendahuluan
The Mason Rule Formula adalah salah satu
cara untuk menyelesaikan problem pada
system seperti yang dipergunakan pada
Block Diagram.
Mason Rule Formula disebut lebih efisien
disbanding Block diagram dalam soal
penyelesaian atau penyederhanaan
system dikarenakan menggunakan Direct
Solution.

Retrieved from Paraskevopoulos P:108

Masons Rule (Mason, 1953)

The block diagram reduction technique requires
successive application of fundamental relationships
in order to arrive at the system transfer function.
On the other hand, Masons rule for reducing a
signal-flow

graph

to

single

transfer

function

requires the application of one formula.

The formula was derived by S. J. Mason when he
related the signal-flow graph to the simultaneous
equations that can be written from the graph.
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Masons Rule:
The transfer function, C(s)/R(s), of a system represented by a
signal-flow graph is;
n

C (s )

R(s )

Pi i

i 1

Where
n = number of forward paths.
Pi = the i th forward-path gain.
= Determinant of the system
i = Determinant of the ith forward path
is called the signal flow graph determinant or characteristic
function. Since =0 is the system characteristicRetrieved
equation.
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Masons Rule:
n

C (s )

R(s )

Pi i

i 1

= 1- (sum of all individual loop gains) + (sum of the

products of the gains of all possible two loops that do not
touch each other) (sum of the products of the gains of all
possible three loops that do not touch each other) + and
so forth with sums of higher number of non-touching loop
gains
i = value of for the part of the block diagram that does
not touch the i-th forward path (i = 1 if there are no nontouching loops to the i-th path.)
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Systematic approach
1. Calculate forward path gain Pi for each
forward path i.
2. Calculate all loop transfer functions
3. Consider non-touching loops 2 at a
time
4. Consider non-touching loops 3 at a
time
5. etc
6. Calculate from steps 2,3,4 and 5
7. Calculate i as portion of not
touching forward path i

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Example#1: Apply Masons Rule to calculate the transfer function

of the system represented by following Signal Flow Graph

C P11 P2 2

Therefore,

here are three feedback loops

L1 G1G4 H 1 ,

L2 G1G2G4 H 2 ,

L3 G1G3G4 H 2
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Example#1: Apply Masons Rule to calculate the transfer function

of the system represented by following Signal Flow Graph

ere are no non-touching loops, therefore

= 1- (sum of all individual loop gains)

1 L1 L2 L3
1 G1G4 H1 G1G2 G4 H 2 G1G3G4 H 2
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Example#1: Apply Masons Rule to calculate the transfer function

of the system represented by following Signal Flow Graph

Eliminate forward path-1

1 = 1- (sum of all individual loop gains)+...

1 = 1
Eliminate forward path-2

2 = 1- (sum of all individual loop gains)+...

2 = 1
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Example#1: Continue

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Example#2: Apply Masons Rule to calculate the transfer function

of the system represented by following Signal Flow Graph

P1
P2

1. Calculate forward path gains for each forward path.

P1 G1G2 G3G4 (path 1)

and

P2 G5G6 G7 G8 (path 2)

2. Calculate all loop gains.

L1 G2 H 2 ,

L2 H 3G3 ,

L3 G6 H 6 ,

3. Consider two non-touching loops.

L1L3
L1L4
L2L4
L2L3

L4 G7 H 7

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11

Example#2: continue
4. Consider three non-touching loops.
None.
5. Calculate from steps 2,3,4.
1 L1 L2 L3 L4 L1 L3 L1 L4 L2 L3 L2 L4

1 G2 H 2 H 3G3 G6 H 6 G7 H 7

G2 H 2G6 H 6 G2 H 2G7 H 7 H 3G3G6 H 6 H 3G3G7 H 7

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12

Example#2: continue

Eliminate forward path-1

1 1 L3 L4
1 1 G6 H 6 G7 H 7
Eliminate forward path-2

2 1 L1 L2

2 1 G2 H 2 G3 H 3
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Example#2: continue
Y (s ) P11 P2 2

R( s )

G1G2 G3G4 1 G6 H 6 G7 H 7 G5G6G7 G8 1 G2 H 2 G3 H 3

Y (s )

R(s ) 1 G2 H 2 H 3G3 G6 H 6 G7 H 7 G2 H 2 G6 H 6 G2 H 2G7 H 7 H 3G3G6 H 6 H 3G3G7 H 7

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14

Example#3
Find the transfer function, C(s)/R(s), for the
signal-flow graph in figure below.

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Example#3
There is only one forward Path.

P1 G1 (s )G2 (s )G3 (s )G4 (s )G5 (s )

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Example#3
There are four feedback loops.

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Example#3
Non-touching loops taken two at a time.

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Example#3
Non-touching loops taken three at a time.

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Example#3

Eliminate forward path-1

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Example#4: Apply Masons Rule to calculate the transfer function

of the system represented by following Signal Flow Graph

here are three forward paths, therefore n=3.

3

C (s )

R(s )

Pi i

i 1

P11 P2 2 P3 3

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Example#4: Forward Paths

P3 A42 A54 A65 A76

P1 A32 A43 A54 A65 A76

P2 A72

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Example#4: Loop Gains of the Feedback

Loops

L1 A32 A23
L2 A43 A34
L3 A54 A45
L4 A65 A56

L5 A76 A67
L6 A77
L7 A42 A34 A23

L9 A72 A57 A45 A34 A23

L10 A72 A67 A56 A45 A34 A23

L8 A65 A76 A57

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Example#4: two non-touching loops

L1 L3

L2 L4

L3 L5

L1 L4

L2 L5

L3 L6

L1 L5

L2 L6

L4 L7

L1 L6

L2 L8

L1 L8

L6 L7

L5 L7

L4 L6
L7 L8

L1 A32 A23
L2 A43 A34

L5 A76 A67

L7 A42 A34 A23

L6 A77

L3 A54 A45

L9 A72 A57 A45 A34 A23

L4 A65 A56

L10 A72 A67 A56 A45 A34 A23

L8 A65 A76 A57

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Example#4: Three non-touching loops

L1 L3 L5
L2 L4 L6
L1 L3 L6
L1 L4 L6
L7 L4 L6

L1 A32 A23
L2 A43 A34

L5 A76 A67

L7 A42 A34 A23

L6 A77

L3 A54 A45
L4 A65 A56

L8 A65 A76 A57

L9 A72 A57 A45 A34 A23

L10 A72 A67 A56 A45 A34 A23
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From Block Diagram to Signal-Flow Graph Models

Example#5
H1

R(s) E(s)

G1

X
1

G2

X
H2

G3

X3

G4

C(s)

H3

R(s) 1 E(s) G1

X1

G2 X2

H1
G3 X3 G4 C(s
)

H2
H3
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From Block Diagram to Signal-Flow Graph Models

Example#5
H1
R(s) 1 E(s) G1

X1 G2

X2 G3

G4

X3

C(s)

H2
H3

1 (G1G2G3G4 H 3 G2G3 H 2 G3G4 H 1 )

P1 G1G2G3G4 ;

1 1

G1G2G3G4
C ( s)
G

R( s ) 1 G1G2G3G4 H 3 G2G3 H 2 G3G4 H 1

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Example#6

R(s)

X1

E(s)

-1

R(s) 1

Y1

G1

+ C(s)
+
2

G2

Y2

-1

G1

-1

E(s)
1

Y1

G2

Y2

C(s)

-1

-1
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Example#6
R(s) 1

E(s)

-1

-1

-1

C(s)

-1

-1

7 loops:
[G1 ( 1)];

[G2 ( 1)];

[G1 ( 1) G2 1];

[( 1) G1 ( 1) G2 1 ( 1)]; [1 G2 1 ( 1)];

[( 1) G1 1 ( 1)];
[1 G2 1 G1 1 ( 1)].

3 2 non-touching
loops
[G1 ( :1)] [G2 ( 1)];
[( 1) G1 1 ( 1)] [G2 ( 1)];
[1 G2 1 ( 1)] [G1 ( 1)].

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Example#6
R(s) 1

E(s)

-1

X
1

X
2

-1

G
1

-1

Then:

C(s)

-1

-1

1 2G 2 4G1G 2

4 forward paths:

p1 ( 1) G1 1
p2 ( 1) G1 ( 1) G2 1
p3 1 G 2 1

p4 1 G 2 1 G1 1

1 1 G2
2 1
3 1 G1

4 1

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Example#6
We
have

C (s )
pk k

R(s )

G2 G1 2G1G2

1 2G2 4G1G2

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Example-7: Determine the transfer function C/R for the block

diagram below by signal flow graph techniques.

The signal flow graph of the above block diagram is shown below.

There are two forward paths. The path

gains are

The three feedback loop

gains are

No loops are non-touching,

hence

Because the loops touch the nodes

of P1, hence

Since no loops touch the nodes

of P2, therefore

Hence the control ratio T =

C/R is
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Example-6: Find the control ratio C/R for the system given below.

The signal flow graph is shown in the

figure.

The two forward path gains

are

The five feedback loop gains

are

All feedback loops touches the two

forward paths, hence

Hence the control ratio T =

There are no non-touching loops,

hence

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Jadilah manusia yang

berguna. Bahkan Sampah
pun ada guna didalamnya.