Physics 111: Mechanics: Dale Gary
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C22H30N6O4SPhysics 111: Mechanics: Dale Gary
Uploaded by
C22H30N6O4SPhysics 111: Mechanics
Lecture 5
Dale Gary
NJIT Physics Department
Applications of Newtons
Laws
Newtons first law
Newtons second law
Newtons third law
Frictional forces
Applications of
Newtons laws Isaac Newtons work represents
one of the greatest
Circular Motion contributions to science ever
made by an individual.
October 16, 2016
Force is a vector
Unit of force in S.I.:
Newtons Laws
I.
II.
III.
If no net force acts on a body, then the
bodys velocity cannot change.
The net force on a body is equal to the
product of the bodys mass and
acceleration.
When two bodies interact, the force on the
bodies from each other are always equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction.
October 16, 2016
Forces
The measure of interaction
between two objects
Vector quantity: has
magnitude and direction
May be a contact force or
a field force
Particular forces:
Gravitational Force
Friction Force
Tension Force
Normal Force
Spring Force
October 16, 2016
Gravitational Force: mg
Gravitational force is a vector
The magnitude of the gravitational
force acting on an object of mass m
near the Earths surface is called the
weight w of the object
mM
Fg G 2
R
w = mg
Direction: vertically downward
m: Mass
g = 9.8 m/s2
October 16, 2016
Normal Force: N
Force from a solid
surface which
keeps object from
falling through
Direction: always
perpendicular to
the surface
Magnitude: not
necessary to be mg
w Fg mg
N Fg ma y
N mg ma y
N mg
October 16, 2016
Tension Force: T
A taut rope exerts
forces on whatever
holds its ends
Direction: always
along the cord (rope,
cable, string )
and away from the
object
Magnitude: depend
on situation
T1
T2
T1 = T = T2
October 16, 2016
Forces of Friction: f
When an object is in motion on a surface or through a
viscous medium, there will be a resistance to the
motion. This resistance is called the force of friction
This is due to the interactions between the object and
its environment
We will be concerned with two types of frictional force
Force of static friction: fs
Force of kinetic friction: fk
Direction: opposite the direction of the intended
motion
If moving: in direction opposite the velocity
If stationary, in direction of the vector sum of other forces
October 16, 2016
Forces of Friction: Magnitude
Magnitude: Friction is
proportional to the
normal force
Static friction: Ff = F sN
Kinetic friction: Ff = kN
is the coefficient of
friction
The coefficients of friction
are nearly independent of
the area of contact
(why?)
October 16, 2016
Static Friction
Static friction acts to
keep
r the object fromr
moving
s
Fr
r
If F increases, so does
s
If decreases, so does
s s N
Remember, the equality
holds when the surfaces
are on the verge of
slipping
October 16, 2016
Kinetic Friction
The force of kinetic
friction acts when
the object is in
motion
Although k can
vary with speed,
we shall neglect
any such variations
k = k N
October 16, 2016
Explore Forces of Friction
Vary the applied
force
Note the value of
the frictional force
Compare the values
Note what happens
when the can
starts to move
October 16, 2016
Hints for Problem-Solving
Read the problem carefully at least once
Draw a picture of the system, identify the object of primary
interest, and indicate forces with arrows
Label each force in the picture in a way that will bring to mind
what physical quantity the label stands for (e.g., T for tension)
Draw a free-body diagram of the object of interest, based on
the labeled picture. If additional objects are involved, draw
separate free-body diagram for them
Choose a convenient coordinate system for each object
Apply Newtons second law. The x- and y-components of
Newton second law should be taken from the vector equation
and written individually. This often results in two equations and
two unknowns
Solve for the desired unknown quantity, and substitute the
numbers
Fnet , x ma x
Fnet , y ma y
October 16, 2016
Objects in Equilibrium
Objects that are either at rest or moving
with constant velocity are said to be in
equilibrium
Acceleration
a 0 of an object can be modeled
as zero:
Mathematically,
the
F net
0 force acting on
the object is zero
Equivalent to the set of component
Fx 0
Fy 0
equations given by
October 16, 2016
Equilibrium, Example 1
What is the smallest value of the force F
such that the 2.0-kg block will not slide
down the wall? The coefficient of static
friction between the block and the wall is
0.2. ?
f
mg
October 16, 2016
Accelerating Objects
If an object that can be modeled as a
particle experiences an acceleration, there
must be a nonzero net force acting on it
Draw a free-body diagram
Apply Newtons Second Law in component
form
F ma
ma x
ma y
October 16, 2016
Inclined Plane
Suppose a block with a
mass of 2.50 kg is
resting on a ramp. If
the coefficient of static
friction between the
block and ramp is
0.350, what maximum
angle can the ramp
make with the
horizontal before the
block starts to slip
down?
October 16, 2016
Inclined Plane
Newton 2nd law:
F
F
mg sin s N 0
N mg cos 0
Then N mg cos
mg sin s mg cos 0
So tan s 0.350
tan 1 (0.350) 19.3
October 16, 2016
Multiple Objects
A block of mass m1 on a rough, horizontal surface is
connected to a ball of mass m2 by a lightweight cord
over a lightweight, frictionless pulley as shown in figure.
A force of magnitude F at an angle with the horizontal is
applied to the block as shown and the block slides to the
right. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and
surface is k. Find the magnitude of acceleration of the two
objects.
October 16, 2016
Multiple Objects
m1:
m2:
F
F
F cos f k T m1a x m1a
N F sin m1 g 0
T m2 g m2 a y m2 a
T m2 (a g )
N m1 g F sin
f k k N k ( m1 g F sin )
F cos k ( m1 g F sin ) m2 (a g ) m1a
F (cos k sin ) (m2 k m1 ) g
a
m1 m2
October 16, 2016
Uniform Circular Motion: Definition
Uniform circular motion
Constant speed, or,
constant magnitude of velocity
Motion along a circle:
Changing direction of velocity
October 16, 2016
Uniform Circular Motion: Observations
Object moving along a
curved path with
constant speed
Magnitude of velocity:
same
Direction
v of velocity:
changing
Velocity : changing
Acceleration is NOT zero!
Net force acting on an
object is NOT zero
Centripetal force
Fnet ma
October 16, 2016
Uniform Circular Motion
Magnitude:
v v f vi
a
r r f ri
t
t
v r
vr
so, v
v
r
r
v r v v 2
t t r r
v v 2
ar
t
r
vi
A
vf
vi
v = vf - vi
y
r
ri
vf
R
rf
Direction: Centripetal
October 16, 2016
Uniform Circular Motion
Velocity:
Acceleration:
Magnitude: constant v
The direction of the velocity
is tangent to the circle
ac v
ac
v2
r
v2
ac
r
Magnitude:
directed toward the center of
the circle of motion
Period:
time interval required for one
complete revolution of the
2r
T
particle
October 16, 2016
Centripetal Force
Acceleration: a v 2
c
r
Magnitude:
Direction: toward the center
of the circle of motion
Force:
Start from Newtons 2nd Law
Fnet ma
Magnitude:
mv 2
Fnet mac
r
Direction: toward the center
of the circle of motion
ac v Fnet v
r
Fnet
ac
r
Fnet
v2
r
r
Fnet
ac || Fnet
October 16, 2016
What provides Centripetal
Force ?
Centripetal force is not a new kind of force
Centripetal force refers to any force that
keeps an object following a circular pathmv 2
Fc mac
Centripetal force is a combination of
Gravitational force mg: downward to the ground
Normal force N: perpendicular to the surface
Tension force T: along the cord and away from
object
Static friction force: fsmax = sN
October 16, 2016
What provides Centripetal
Force ?
Fnet N mg ma
v2
N mg m
r
Fnet T ma
mv
T
r
N
a
v
mg
October 16, 2016
Problem Solving Strategy
Draw a free body diagram, showing and
labeling all the forces acting on the object(s)
Choose a coordinate system that has one axis
perpendicular to the circular path and the other
axis tangent to the circular path
Find the net force toward the center of the
circular path (this is the force that causes the
centripetal acceleration, FC)
Use Newtons second law
The directions will be radial, normal, and tangential
The acceleration in the radial direction will be the
centripetal acceleration
Solve for the unknown(s)
October 16, 2016
The Conical Pendulum
A small ball of mass m = 5 kg is suspended
from a string of length L = 5 m. The ball
revolves with constant speed v in a
horizontal circle of radius r = 2 m. Find an
expression for v and a.
T
mg
October 16, 2016
The Conical Pendulum
Find v and a
m 5 kg
L 5m
r 2m
T cos mg 0
T cos mg
Fx T sin
sin
tan
r
0.4
L
r
L2 r 2
mv
r
mv 2
T sin
r
T cos mg
v2
tan
gr
v rg tan
v Lg sin tan 2.9 m/s
0.44
v2
a
g tan 4.3 m/s 2
r
October 16, 2016
Level Curves
A 1500 kg car moving on a
flat, horizontal road
negotiates a curve as shown.
If the radius of the curve is
35.0 m and the coefficient of
static friction between the
tires and dry pavement is
0.523, find the maximum
speed the car can have and
still make the turn
successfully.
v rg
October 16, 2016
Level Curves
The force of static friction directed toward
the center of the curve keeps the car
moving in a circular path.
2
vmax
f s ,max s N m
r
Fy N mg 0
N mg
vmax
s Nr
s mgr
s gr
m
m
(0.523)(9.8m / s 2 )(35.0m) 13.4m / s
v rg
October 16, 2016
Banked Curves
A car moving at the
designated speed can
negotiate the curve. Such a
ramp is usually banked,
which means that the
roadway is tilted toward the
inside of the curve. Suppose
the designated speed for the
ramp is to be 13.4 m/s and
the radius of the curve is
35.0 m. At what angle
should the curve be banked?
October 16, 2016
Banked Curves
v 13.4 m/s
r 35.0 m
mv 2
Fr n sin mac r
Fy n cos mg 0
n cos mg
v2
tan
rg
tan 1 (
13.4 m/s
27
.
6
(35.0 m)(9.8 m/s 2 )
