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    Using The Set Operators

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    Using The Set Operators

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    24 views21 pages
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    Les07

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    24 views21 pages

    Using The Set Operators

    Uploaded by

    Kannadhasan Dass
    sdfsfd

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    7

    Using the Set Operators

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Objectives
    After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the
    following:
    Describe set operators
    Use a set operator to combine multiple queries into a single
    query
    Control the order of rows returned

    7-2

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Set Operators
    A

    UNION/UNION ALL
    A

    INTERSECT
    A

    MINUS

    7-3

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Tables Used in This Lesson


    The tables used in this lesson are:
    EMPLOYEES: Provides details regarding all
    current employees
    JOB_HISTORY: Records the details of the start date and
    end date of the former job, and the job identification
    number and department when an employee switches jobs

    7-4

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    UNION Operator

    The UNION operator returns results from both


    queries after eliminating duplications.
    7-5

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Using the UNION Operator


    Display the current and previous job details of all employees.
    Display each combination only once.
    SELECT
    FROM
    UNION
    SELECT
    FROM

    employee_id, job_id
    employees
    employee_id, job_id
    job_history;

    7-6

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    UNION ALL Operator

    The UNION ALL operator returns results from both


    queries, including all duplications.
    7-7

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Using the UNION ALL Operator


    Display the current and previous departments of all employees.
    SELECT employee_id, job_id, department_id
    FROM
    employees
    UNION ALL
    SELECT employee_id, job_id, department_id
    FROM
    job_history
    ORDER BY employee_id;

    7-8

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    INTERSECT Operator

    The INTERSECT operator returns rows that are


    common to both queries.
    7-9

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Using the INTERSECT Operator


    Display the employee IDs and job IDs of those employees who
    currently have a job title that is the same as a previous job title.

    SELECT employee_id, job_id


    FROM
    employees
    INTERSECT
    SELECT employee_id, job_id
    FROM
    job_history;

    7 - 10

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    MINUS Operator

    The MINUS operator returns rows in the first query


    that are not present in the second query.
    7 - 11

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    MINUS Operator
    Display the employee IDs of those employees who have not
    changed their jobs even once.
    SELECT
    FROM
    MINUS
    SELECT
    FROM

    employee_id
    employees
    employee_id
    job_history;

    7 - 12

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Set Operator Guidelines

    The expressions in the SELECT lists must match in number


    and data type.
    Parentheses can be used to alter the sequence of
    execution.
    The ORDER BY clause:
    Can appear only at the very end of the statement
    Will accept the column name, aliases from the first SELECT
    statement, or the positional notation

    7 - 13

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    7 - 14

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    QUIZ 2
    Which of the following operators is used to return all rows from
    multiple queries?
    a.
    b.
    c.

    UNION operator
    UNION ALL operator
    INTERSECT operator

    Solution:

    7 - 15

    UNION ALL operator

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    QUIZ 2 (Contd.)
    Which of the following operators returns rows in the first query
    that are not present in the second query?
    a. MINUS operator
    b. INTERSECT operator

    Solution:

    7 - 16

    MINUS operator

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Oracle Server and Set Operators

    7 - 17

    Duplicate rows are automatically eliminated except in


    UNION ALL.
    Column names from the first query appear in the result.
    The output is sorted in ascending order by default except in
    UNION ALL.

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Matching the SELECT Statements


    Using the UNION operator, display the department ID, location,
    and hire date for all employees.
    SELECT department_id, TO_NUMBER(null)
    location, hire_date
    FROM
    employees
    UNION
    SELECT department_id, location_id, TO_DATE(null)
    FROM
    departments;

    7 - 18

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Matching the SELECT Statement:


    Example
    Using the UNION operator, display the employee ID, job ID, and
    salary of all employees.
    SELECT
    FROM
    UNION
    SELECT
    FROM

    employee_id, job_id,salary
    employees
    employee_id, job_id,0
    job_history;

    7 - 19

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Controlling the Order of Rows


    Produce an English sentence using two UNION operators.
    COLUMN a_dummy NOPRINT
    SELECT 'sing' AS "My dream", 3 a_dummy
    FROM dual
    UNION
    SELECT 'I''d like to teach', 1 a_dummy
    FROM dual
    UNION
    SELECT 'the world to', 2 a_dummy
    FROM dual
    ORDER BY a_dummy;

    7 - 20

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

    Summary
    In this lesson, you should have learned how to use:
    UNION to return all distinct rows
    UNION ALL to return all rows, including duplicates
    INTERSECT to return all rows that are shared by both
    queries
    MINUS to return all distinct rows that are selected by the
    first query but not by the second
    ORDER BY only at the very end of the statement

    7 - 21

    Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

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