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Programming With R

This document discusses programming in R. It begins by defining what a computer program and algorithm are, and explains that the same algorithm can be implemented in different programs. It then discusses reasons for programming like wanting to do something specific or different than existing software allows. Common properties of programs are that they are written by humans, executed by computers, are lists of steps with defined starts and ends, and use a finite set of operations. The document then covers basic programming concepts like code, paths, branches, loops, and functions. It provides an example of defining and calling a simple function in R. Good programming practices discussed are keeping functions short, adding comments, and checking for errors.

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90 views14 pages

Programming With R

This document discusses programming in R. It begins by defining what a computer program and algorithm are, and explains that the same algorithm can be implemented in different programs. It then discusses reasons for programming like wanting to do something specific or different than existing software allows. Common properties of programs are that they are written by humans, executed by computers, are lists of steps with defined starts and ends, and use a finite set of operations. The document then covers basic programming concepts like code, paths, branches, loops, and functions. It provides an example of defining and calling a simple function in R. Good programming practices discussed are keeping functions short, adding comments, and checking for errors.

Uploaded by

Fatin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROGRAMMING

WITH R
CHAPT
ER 4

INTRODUCTION

A computer program is a sequence of commands


and instructions to effectively
solve a given problem.

Each computer program is based on an


underlying procedure called algorithm.

An algorithm may be implemented in


different ways, leading to different
programs using the same procedure.

WHY DO PROGRAMMING?

If you use other peoples software, you will


always be limited by what other
people think you want to do.

Write your own programs and the only limit will


be your own imagination.

Even with all those programs on your computer,


you still need to do something
different, something specific to you.

COMMON PROPERTIES

Programs are usually written by humans and


executed by computers. Hence a program
should be clear, concise and direct.

Programs are usually lists of consecutive steps.


Programs have well-defined initiations and
terminations.

Programs have well-defined constants, inputs,


outputs and variables.

Programs are written by using a finite set


of operations defined by programming

HOW DOES PROGRAMMING


WORKS?

CODE
VILLE

A path is a
set of
instructions
that the
computer
will follow.

IF/ ELSE BRANCHES


Branches
are like
road
intersectio
ns

LO
OP

Loops let
you run the
same piece
of code over

PROGRAMMING IN R USING
FUNCTIONS

Programming in R is organized around


functions.
The basic declaration or definition of a
function looks like below:
myfunction<- function(argument1,
stateme
argument2,
) {
return(values
nts
to
return)
#
clever
manipulations
of
arguments
}
output

The name of the


function

myfunction(argument1,
argument2, )

Call the
function

input

PROGRAMMING IN R USING
FUNCTIONS
Objects that are created within the function are
local to the environment of the function they
dont exist outside of the function.

You can pass the values into the global

environment with the return() function.

The argument can be any type of object (scalar,


matrix, vector, data frame or logical)

A function needs to have a name and a body of


code that does something.

EXAMPLE
square.it<function(x)
{ square<x*x
return(squar
e)

}
#square a
number
square.it(5
)

EXAMPL
E
my.fun<-function(X.matrix, y.vec, z.scalar){
#use previous function
sq.scalar<-square.it(z.scalar)
mult<-X.matrix%*%y.vec
Final<-mult*sq.scalar
return(Final)
}
my.mat<cbind(c(1,2,3),c(3,4,5))
my.vec<-c(5,6)

GOOD FUNCTION WRITING


PRACTICES
Keep your functions short.

If things start to get long, you can probably split up the


function into several functions.

It also makes your code easier to update.

Put in comments on what are the inputs, what


the function does and what is the output.

Check for errors along the way.

EXERC
ISES

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