Digestive System

Animal Structure
Class B

By:
1. Siti Nur
Anisah
1502101030
54
2. Nany
Baidinah
1502101030
70
3. Anita Tria
Putri
1502101030
74

Digestive System
Digestion

is a metabolic process in an
organism process a substance, in
order to alter the chemical or
mechanical
a
substance
into
nutrients.
The digestive system is the system of
organs within multicellular animals
that received food, digest it into
energy and nutrients, as well as get
the rest of the process.
The main function of digestion is to
break down complex molecules and
large molecules in the food so that
the molecules that can be absorbed
and used by the body.
Digestive system functions include:
receiving the food eaten.

Digestive Tract
- General
Structure of the
Digestive Tract
-

Oral Cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine

General Structure of the Digestive Tract

Oral Cavity
In the oral cavity
include useful
tools for
mechanical
processing and
Thursday, among
them:
Teeth and tongue
(mechanical)
The salivary
glands

Oral Cavity

Lips
The
lips
aid
in
obtaining food and placing
it in the mouth so that the
teeth and tongue can
manipulate it and begin
fragmenting it.
Lips are covered by a
stratified
squamous
epithelium that is usually
keratinized on the outer
surface and contains many
hairs
whereas
the
epithelium on the inner
surface is more moist and
non-keratinized.

TONGUE

Esophagus

Esophagus
Serves

to move food
in the mouth into the
stomach
Muscle contraction
pharyngeal wall and
the presence of food
in the upper part of
the esophagus to
contract in waves on
the esophageal wall
peristalsis

Esophagus

a): Longitudinal section of esophagus shows mucosa

consisting of nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium (SS), lamina propria (LP), and smooth

muscles of the muscularis mucosae (MM). Beneath the

mucosa is the submucosa containing esophageal
mucous glands (GL) which empty via ducts (D) onto

the luminal surface. X40. H&E. (b): Transverse section

showing the muscularis halfway along the esophagus
reveals a combination of skeletal muscle (right)

and smooth muscle fibers (left) in the outer layer, which

are cut both longitudinally and transversely here. This
transition from muscles under voluntary control

to the type controlled autonomically is important in the

swallowing mechanism. X200. H&E.

STOMACH

Stomach

Stomach
Hydrochloric

acid (HCl)
produce a pH of about 2,
break down food
Intrinsic factors: made
by cells of the same
maker of the acid, which
is needed to absorb
vitamin B12
Mucus: protects the
stomach lining from acid
Pepsinogen: together
with acids, protein
breakdown started

Stomach
Function:
Adding to the sour
liquid food into turning
it into a viscous mass
Continuing the
digestive process
which had begun in
the oral cavity
Generate proteolytic
enzyme pepsin.
Forming lipase which
outlines the fat with
the help of lingual
lipase

Stomach
A. The stomach is J-shaped muscular organ that receives and mixes
food with gastric (digestive) juices, and propels food to the small
intestine.
*hangs inferior to diaphragm, holds about 1 liter+, has rugae
(thick folds), & receives food from the esophagus
*stomach initiates the digestion of proteins
*carries on some absorption
*moves food into the small intestine
B. Parts of the Stomach = 4 regions
1) cardiac small area near the esophageal opening
2) fundic superior & balloons out; sometimes contains swallowed
air
3) body - main part of the stomach
4) pyloric funnel-shaped portion which becomes the pyloric canal
*pyloric sphincter serves as a valve between the stomach & the
small intestine

Small Intestine
The small intestine is the site of
terminal food digestion, nutrient
absorption,
and
endocrine
secretion.
The
processes
of
digestion are completed in the
small
intestine,
where
the
nutrients (products of digestion)
are absorbed by cells of the
epithelial
lining.
The
small
intestine
is
relatively
long
approximately 5 mand consists
of three segments: duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum. These
segments
have
many
characteristics in common and will
be discussed together.

Small Intestine

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

The large intestine is

divided into several
parts, the cecum,
colon, and rectum.
Between 5 to 7.5 cm
in the first part of the
large intestine called
the cecum or
appendix.
Colon is divided into
four parts, the
ascending colon,
transverse, sigmoid
and descending

Organs Associated with the

Digestive Tract

a.
Salivary
Glands

The main functions of the

salivary glands are to wet
and lubricate ingested food
and the oral mucosa

Exocrine

glands

in

the

mouth produce saliva

The pancreas

Saliva from the parotids is

serous and water

The organs
associated with the
digestive tract
include:
The salivary glands

There are three pairs of large

The liver
The gallbladder

salivary glands: the parotid,

submandibular,

and

sublingual glands

The

submandibular

Products of these organs

facilitate

and

transport

and

sublingual glands produce a

digestion of food within the

seromucous secretion

gastrointestinal tract.

Epithelial components of a submandibular

gland lobule

Features specific to each

group of major salivary
glands include the
following:
A. Parotid gland
- Located in each
cheek near the ear
- is a branched acinar
gland with secretory
portions composed
exclusively of serous
cells surrounding very
small lumens

Micrograph of a parotid gland shows densely packed serous acini

explanation of :
CT= septum.
A= numerous
serous acini
SD = Striations of a
duct

Striations of a duct are better seen here, along with a

septum

explanation of:
A = serous acini
SD = striated
duct
ID = Intercalated
duct

b.

Submandibular gland.
- Submandibular gland is a
branched
tubuloacinar
gland,
with
secretory
portions containing both
mucous and serous cells.
- The serous cells are the
main component of this
gland.

Submandibular gland
explanation of :
A = serous acini
M = mucous cells
S = serous demilunes
ID

=
intralobular
ducts

. Sublingual gland
- Sublingual gland is a branched tubuloacinar
gland formed of serous and mucous cells.
- Here mucous cells predominate, with serous
cells only present in demilunes on mucous
tubules.
- Cells of the serous demilunes in this gland
secrete amylase and lysozyme
explanation of:

M = mucous cells
ID = Intralobular
ducts
SM = striated
muscle

B. Pankreas
The

pancreas is a mixed exocrine-endocrine gland that

produces both digestive enzymes and hormones.

The

digestive enzymes are produced by cells of the larger

exocrine portion and the hormones are synthesized in

clusters of endocrine epithelial cells known as pancreatic
islets islets of Langerhans.
The

exocrine portion of the pancreas is a compound acinar

gland, similar in structure to the parotid gland.

Another

characteristic detail is that in the pancreas the

initial portions of intercalated ducts penetrate the lumens

of the acini.

Pancreas
explanation of:
A = serous acini
I = islets
D = larger
interlobular ducts
V = blood vessels

Pancreatic acini
Each

exocrine acinus
of the pancreas is
composed of several
serous cells
surrounding a very
small lumen.
explanation of:
A = small acini
F = fibroblasts

The diagram shows the arrangement of cells

more clearly

Pancreatic acinar
cells
explanation of:
C = condensing
vacuoles
S = granules
L = The small lumen
G = The Golgi
apparatus
N = basal nucleus
RER = cisternae of
rough ER

C. Liver
A large right lobe and smaller left lobe
It is the largest gland and is situated in the

abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm

The liver is an interface between the digestive
system and the blood.
a.

Stroma:
The liver is covered by a thin fibrous capsule
of connective tissue that becomes thicker at the
hilum, where the portal vein and the hepatic
artery enter the organ and where the right and
left hepatic ducts and lymphatics exit.

b. Hepatic Lobules:
- Liver cells or hepatocytes are epithelial cells grouped
in interconnected plates.
- Hepatocytes are arranged into thousands of small
(~0.7 x 2 mm), polyhedral hepatic lobules which are the
classic structural and functional units of the liver.
- Each lobule has three to six portal areas at its
periphery and a venule called a central vein in its center.

Hepatic
lobule:
Hepatic lobule of some
mammals, such as the pig, are
delimited on all sides by
connective tissue.

explanation of:
A = arteriole
C = central venule
D = small bile duct
V = a venule

Hepatic units of humans

have much less
connective tissue and
their boundaries are more
difficult to distinguish

explanation of:
A = arteriole
C = central venule
D = small bile duct
V = a venule

c. Blood Supply:

- As an important interface for processing blood from

the digestive system, the liver gets most of its blood
from the portal vein.
- In the liver the portal vein branches repeatedly and
sends small portal venules to the portal spaces.
- converging in the center of the lobule to form the
central or centrolobular vein.
- This vessel, like the sinusoids, has very thin walls
consisting only of endothelial cells supported by a
sparse population of collagen fibers

The

hepatic

lobules

central vein (CV) is actually a

venule
more

consisting
than

an

of

little

endothelial

tube with smaller sinusoids

(S)

coming

in

from

directions. X200. H&E.

Peripheral
portal

all
areas

contain more connective tissue

and are the sites of the portal
triad: a portal venule (PV), an
arteriole (A) branching off the
hepatic artery, and one or two
branches of the bile duct (D).

Reticulin (collagen type III)

fibers running along the
plates of hepatocytes.

d. The Hepatocyte
- Hepatocytes are large polyhedral cells, with six or
more surfaces, and typical diameters of 2030
Micrometer.
- Where two hepatocytes abut, they delimit a tubular
space between them known as the bile canaliculus.

Ultrastructure of hepatocytes and bile canaliculi.

D. Biliary Tract & Gallbladder

The bile produced by the hepatocytes flows through

the bile canaliculi, bile ductules, and bile ducts

These structures gradually merge, forming a network

that converges to form the hepatic duct

The hepatic duct, after receiving the cystic duct from

the gallbladder, continues to the duodenum as the

common bile duct
The gallbladder is a hollow, pear-shaped organ

attached to the lower surface of the liver, capable of

storing 3050 mL of bile.

 Bile leaves the liver in the left and right hepatic ducts, which

merge (1) to form the common hepatic duct, which connects to

the cystic duct serving the gall bladder
The latter two ducts merge (2) to form a common bile duct
The main pancreatic duct merges with the common bile duct at

the hepatopancreatic ampulla (3) which enters the wall of the

duodenum
Bile and pancreatic juices together are secreted from the major

duodenal papilla (of Vater) into the duodenal lumen (4)

All these ducts carrying bile are lined by cuboidal or low

columnar cells called cholangiocytes, similar to those of the
small bile ductules in the liver.

Gallbladder

 The

gallbladder is a saclike structure that stores

and concentrates bile, and releases it into the

duodenum after a meal.
The

main function of the gallbladder is to store

bile, concentrate it by absorbing its water, and

release it when necessary into the digestive
tract.
This

process depends on an active sodium-

transporting mechanism in the gallbladder's

epithelium, with water absorption from bile an
osmotic consequence of the sodium pump.

Digestive System Pisces

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Mouth (cavum oris)

Esophagus
Gastric
Gut
Anus

Gut the
fish

longitudinal cross section

crosssection

Digestive System Amphibi

Most frog larvae are herbivores
Frog is a predator and feed on small
invertebrates
After an amphibians eats, the food
flows from its mouth to its esophagus to
its stomach
Digestion begins in the stomach of an
amphibian
the small intestine
body cells
The large intestine
the
cloaca

frog intestine

 digestive cannal on the amphibian consists

of the mouth, gullet (esophagus), stomach
(ventrikulus), colon (intestinal), and cloaca.
In the oral cavity are the teeth, tongue, and
salivary glands. Digestive gland consists of
the salivary glands, liver and pancreas.
Grow teeth in the upper jaw and palate
called vomer teeth. on the frog, tongue is
forked and serve as tools for catching
apparatus the prey.

Digestive
System Aves

Digestive
System Aves
The digestive system of the bird
begins with the beak and tongue.
Evolution has eliminated the teeth
in birds
a bird does not have to chew its
food they can often eat a large
quantity of food at one time.
Saliva lubricates the food much
like in a human so that it can pass
to the esophagus. The esophagus
is a tube-like structure which
passes food in waves better
known as peristalsis, to an organ
known as the crop.

Proventrikulus (gastric
glands): a lot of
digestive enzymes, thin
muscle wall.
- Ventricle (stomach
chewers / gizzard):
thick-walled muscle. In
the grain-eating birds
are gravel and sand
that are ingested with
food vang useful to
help digestion and is
called a "hen's teeth",

Kloaka

Gastrointestinal reptiles
1) The oral cavity: the mouth cavity is
supported by upper and lower jaws,
each of which has a row of conical
teeth, tooth
stick to the gum and slightly curved
toward the oral cavity.
2) Esofagus
3) Ventrikulus
4) intestinal: consists of the small intestine
and colon empty in the thick anus

Kloaka

Gastric on
Ruminansia
Ruminants are
animals forage
eaters or
herbivores have
four stomach
pouch that is the
rumen, reticulum,
omasum, and
abomasum.

MPCIICPM
33000033
33044033
C = Canine (Gigi taring)
P = Premolar (Geraham
depan)
M = Molar (Geraham
belakang)
I = Incisor (Gigi seri)

Gastric on Ruminansia
Omasum

Gastric on Ruminansia
Rumen

Reticulum

Gastric on Ruminansia
Moreover ruminants has a hull
consisting of 4 parts:
1) Rumen function as a
digestion of proteins,
polysaccharides and
fermentation
2) reticulum function as a
bolus formation. Bolus is wads
of food that is still rough.
3) Omasum function as a
melting pot of bolus and
enzymes
4) The abomasum function as
a place of digestion by
enzymes

Rumen
Tunica mucosa: characterized by the
presence of long (1.0-1.5 cm long) conical
projections called papillae that extend in to
the lumen
Lamina epithelialis mucosae - keratinized
stratified squamous.
Lamina propria - typical; no glands
Lamina muscularis mucosae- absent; NOTE:
It is easy to confuse a thickened layer of
connective tissue that extends into the papilla
with a lamina muscularis mucosae but this
tissue is connective tissue, not smooth muscle.

Tunica submucosa: merges with lamina

propria; no glands or lymphoid aggregates.
Tunica muscularis: typical
Tunica serosa: typical

Reticulum
Similar to rumen, except as noted
below:
Tunica mucosa: When viewed from the
lumen of the reticulum, the mucosa
looks like a "honeycomb" or reticulum.
The basis of this honeycomb is a series
of connected vertical primary folds that
give rise to secondary and tertiary
papillae which project into the lumen.
Lamina muscularis mucosa: a layer
of smooth muscle extends from the tips
of the papillae down to the position of
the lamina muscularis mucosa although
inthe reticulum this layer is not quite
typical. However, the smooth muscle in
the reticulum is continuous with the
smooth muscle of the lamina muscularis
mucosa in the esophagus.
Other tunics are typical

Omasum

Micrograph of omasum of a cow

showing the small secondary
projections of the lamina
epithelialis mucosae.
(Lab slide 57)

Micrograph of omasum of a
cow showing the numerous
primary folds or laminae of
the tunica mucosa.
(Lab slide 57)

Omasum
Micrograph of
omasum of a
cow showing
the smooth
muscle layers
of the primary
laminae.
(Lab slide 57)

Abomasum
Abomasum The abomasum is the
glandular part of the compound
stomach and histologically it is
essentially the same as a simple
stomach.

Abomasum

Micrograph of abomasum of a cow.

(Lab slide 58)

Micrographs of the tunica mucosa of the abomasum of a

cow.Left micrograph shows the apical region of the mucosal
epithelium and the right micrograph shows the basal region.
Note presence of lymphocytes.
(Lab slide 58)

Source
Hickman. 2007. Zoology. New York:McGraw-Hill
Ownby, Charlotte L. 2002. General Overview and Components.
https://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/histology/HistologyReference/hrd1.htm
(Diakses 3 Oktober 2016)