Ship Hull Form and Geometry
Since the ship is a 3-dimensional shape, data in x, y
and z directions is necessary to represent the ship hull.
Table of Offsets
Lines
- body plan (front View)
- shear plan (side view)
- half breadth plan (top view)
Half-Breadth Plan
- Intersection of planes (waterlines) parallel to the baseline (keel).
Shear Plan
-Intersection of planes (buttock lines) parallel to the centerline
plane
Body Plan
- Intersection of planes to define section line
- Sectional lines show the true shape of the hull form
- Forward sections from amidships : R.H.S.
- aft sections from amid ship : L.H.S.
Basic Dimensions and Hull Form Characteristics
AP
FP
Shear
DWL
Lpp
LOA
LOA(length over all ) : overall length of the vessel
DWL(design waterline) : water line where the ship is designed to
float
FP(forward perpendicular) : imaginary vertical line where the bow
intersects the DWL
AP(aft perpendicular) : imaginary vertical line located at either
the rudder stock or intersection of the stern with DWL
Basic Dimensions and Hull Form Characteristics
AP
FP
Shear
DWL
Lpp
LOA
Lpp(length
between perpendicular) : horizontal distance
Lpp
from FP and AP
Amidships : the point midway between FP and AP
Shear : longitudinal curvature given to deck
View of midship section
WL
Beam: B
Camber
Freeboard
Depth: D
Draft: T
K
CL
Depth(D): vertical distance measured from keel to deck taken at
amidships and deck edge in case the ship is cambered on the deck.
Draft(T) : vertical distance from keel to the water surface
Beam(B) : transverse distance across the each section
Breadth(B) : transverse distance measured amidships
View of midship section
Beam: B
Camber
Freeboard
WL
Depth: D
Draft: T
K
CL
Freeboard : distance from depth to draft (reserve buoyancy)
Keel(K) : locate the bottom of the ship
Camber : transverse curvature given to deck
Flare
Tumblehome
Flare : outward curvature of ships hull surface above the waterline
Tumble Home : opposite of flare
2.6 Centroids
Centroid
- Area
- Mass
- Volume
- Force
- Buoyancy(LCB or TCB)
- Floatation(LCF or TCF)
Apply the Weighed Average Scheme or
Moment =0
2.6 Centroid : Centroid of Area
y
a1
a3
a2
x2
x1
y1
y2
y3
x3
xa
i 1
i i
AT
ai
xi
i 1
AT
n
ya
i 1
AT
i i
ai
yi
A
i 1
T
n
xi : distance from x - axis to differenti al area center
y i : distance from y - axis to differenti al area center
ai : differenti al area
A T a1 a2 an
m, V, W, F
2.6 Centroid : Centroid of Area
y
3ft
8ft
5ft
x
4
2
2
3
7
xa
i 1
i i
AT
ai 3 ft 2 2 ft 5 ft 2 4 ft 8 ft 2 7 ft 82 ft 3
xi
2
2
2
2
A
3
ft
5
ft
8
ft
16
ft
i 1
T
n
5.125 ft from y - axis
3
ya
i 1
AT
i i
ai
yi
.....
i 1
AT
3
2.6 Centroid : Centroid of Area
y
Proof
b
AT
x
x
x1
xdA
x1 b
x1
AT
h
dx
1 2
hb hbx1
x hdx
2
AT
hb
1
x1 b
2
Since the moment created by differential area dA is dM xdA , total moment
which is called 1st Moment of Area is calculated by integrating the whole area as,
M xdA
Also moment created by total area AT will produce a moment w.r.t y axis and can
be written below. (recall Moment=forcemoment arm)
M AT x
The two moments are identical so that centroid of the geometry is
xdA
x
AT
This eq. will be used to determine LCF in this Chapter.
See the proof above..
2.7 Center of Floatation & Center of Buoyancy
Center of Floatation
- Centroid of water plane (LCF varies depending on draft.)
- Pivot point for list and trim of floating ship
LCF:
LCF centroid of water plane from the amidships
TCF : centroid of water plane from the centerline
LCF
centerline
TCF
Amidships
In this case of ship,
- LCF is at aft of amidship.
- TCF is on the centerline.
2.7 Center of Floatation & Center of Buoyancy
Center of Buoyancy
- Centroid of displaced water volume
- Buoyant force act through this centroid.
LCB:
LCB Longitudinal center of buoyancy from amidships
KB : Vertical center of buoyancy from the Keel
TCB : Transverse center of buoyancy from the centerline
LCB
TCB
KB
Center
line
Base line
Center of Buoyancy : B
Example
B
centerline
2
1
WL
1
2
- Buoyancy force (Weight of Barge)
- LCB : at midship
- TCB : on centerline
- KB : T/2
- Reserve Buoyancy Force
1
1
WL
B
CL
T/2
