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Math 0482 - Chapter 11

The document discusses methods for solving quadratic equations, including factoring, using the square root property, completing the square, and the quadratic formula. It also covers graphs of quadratic functions and their key features such as the vertex, axis of symmetry, and direction of opening. Applications include using quadratic equations to model projectile motion and other real-world scenarios.

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imranismail08
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168 views25 pages

Math 0482 - Chapter 11

The document discusses methods for solving quadratic equations, including factoring, using the square root property, completing the square, and the quadratic formula. It also covers graphs of quadratic functions and their key features such as the vertex, axis of symmetry, and direction of opening. Applications include using quadratic equations to model projectile motion and other real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

imranismail08
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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11.

1 Solving Quadratic Equations


by the Square Root Property
Square Root Property of Equations:
If k is a positive number and if a2 = k, then

a k

or

a- k

and the solution set is: {

k ,- k}

11.1 Solving Quadratic Equations


by the Square Root Property
Example:
2
5 x 2 3

5 x 2 3 or 5 x 2 3
5 x 2 3 or 5 x 2 3
2 3
2 3
x
or x
5
5

11.2 Solving Quadratic Equations


by Completing the Square
Example of completing the square:

x 6 x 7 0 cannot be factored
2

x 6 x 9 2 0 (complete the square)


2

( x 3) 2 0 ( x 3) 2
2

x 3 2 x 3 2

11.2 Solving Quadratic Equations


by Completing the Square

Completing the Square (ax2 + bx + c = 0):


1. Divide by a on both sides
(lead coefficient = 1)
2. Put variables on one side, constants on the
other.
3. Complete the square (take of x coefficient
and square it add this number to both sides)
4. Solve by applying the square root property

11.2 Solving Quadratic Equations


by Completing the Square
2
2
x

y
( x y )( x y )
Review:
x 2 y 2 (prime)

x 3 y 3 ( x y )( x 2 xy y 2 )
x y ( x y )( x xy y )
3

x y ( x y )( x y ) ( x y )( x y )( x y )
4

x4 + y4 can be factored by completing the square

11.2 Solving Quadratic Equations


by Completing the Square
Example:
Complete
the square:

y
x 2x y y
x y 2 xy

x y x
4

2 2

2 2

2 2

2x2 y2

2 2

Factor the difference


of two squares: 2

2 2

x y 2 xy x y 2 xy
2

11.3 Solving Quadratic Equations


by the Quadratic Formula
Solving ax2 + bx + c = 0:
Dividing by a: x 2 ba x ac 0
Subtract c/a:

x ba x ac

Completing the
square by
adding b2/4a2:

x x

b
a

b2
4a 2


c
a

b2
4a 2

11.3 Solving Quadratic Equations


by the Quadratic Formula
Solving ax2 + bx + c = 0 (continued):
2
Write as a
2
b
4ac
b 2
4 ac
b

2
2
2
a
2
4a
4a
square:
4a
Use square root
property:

b b 2 4ac
x

2a
2a

b b 2 4ac
Quadratic formula: x
2a

11.3 Solving Quadratic Equations


by the Quadratic Formula
Quadratic Formula:

b b 4ac
x
2a

b 4ac
2

is called the discriminant.


If the discriminant is positive, the solutions are
real
If the discriminant is negative, the solutions are
imaginary

11.3 Solving Quadratic Equations


by the Quadratic Formula
Example:
x2 5x 6 0
x

a 1, b -5, c 6

( 5)
5

( 5) 4(1)(6)
2(1)
2

25 24 5 1


2
2 2
x 3, x 2

11.3 Solving Quadratic Equations


by the Quadratic Formula

Complex Numbers and the Quadratic Formula


Solve x2 2x + 2 = 0

(2) (2) 4(1)(2)


x
2(1)
2

2 4 2 4i 2 2i

2
2
2
1 i

11.4 Equations Quadratic in Form


Method

Advantages

Disadvantages

Factoring

Fastest method

Not always
factorable

Square root
property

Not always this


form : ( x a ) b
form
2

Completing the Can always be


square
used

Requires a lot of
steps

Quadratic
Formula

Slower than
factoring

Can always be
used

11.4 Equations Quadratic in Form

Sometimes a radical equation leads to a quadratic


equation after squaring both sides

An equation is said to be in quadratic form if it


can be written as a[f(x)]2 + b[f(x)] + c = 0
Solve it by letting u = f(x); solve for u; then use
your answers for u to solve for x

11.4 Equations Quadratic in Form

Example:

x 4x 3 x
4

2 2

4x2 3 0

Let u = x2

4 x 3 0 u 4u 3 0
(u 3)(u 1) 0 u 3, u 1
2 2

x 2 3, x 2 1 x 3 , x 1

11.5 Formulas and Applications

Example (solving for a variable involving a


square root)
4A
Solve : d
for A

4A
2
d
square both sides

d 2 4 A multiply both sides by

d 2
A divide both sides by 4
4

11.5 Formulas and Applications

Example:
s 2t 2 kt

solve for t

0 2t 2 kt s

get zero on right side

-k k 2 4(2)( s )
t
2( 2)

(quadratic formula)

-k k 2 8s

4
-k k 2 8s
-k k 2 8s
so t
and t
4
4

11.6 Graphs of Quadratic Functions

A quadratic function is a function that can be


written in the form:
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.
The vertex is the lowest point (or highest point if
the parabola is inverted

11.6 Graphs of Quadratic Functions

Vertical Shifts:

f ( x) x k
2

The parabola is shifted upward by k units or


downward if k < 0. The vertex is (0, k)

Horizontal shifts: f ( x ) x h

The parabola is shifted h units to the right if h >


0 or to the left if h < 0. The vertex is at (h, 0)

11.6 Graphs of Quadratic Functions

Horizontal and Vertical shifts:

f ( x) x h k
2

The parabola is shifted upward by k units or


downward if k < 0. The parabola is shifted h
units to the right if h > 0 or to the left if h < 0
The vertex is (h, k)

11.6 Graphs of Quadratic Functions

Graphing:

f ( x) a x h k
2

1. The vertex is (h, k).


2. If a > 0, the parabola opens upward.
If a < 0, the parabola opens downward (flipped).
3. The graph is wider (flattened) if 0 a 1
The graph is narrower (stretched) if a 1

11.6 Graphs of Quadratic Functions


Inverted Parabola with Vertex (h, k)
f ( x ) x h k
2

Vertex = (h, k)

11.7 More About Parabolas;


Applications

Vertex Formula:
The graph of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c has vertex

b b

, f

2a
2a

11.7 More About Parabolas;


Applications

Graphing a Quadratic Function:


1. Find the y-intercept (evaluate f(0))
2. Find the x-intercepts (by solving f(x) = 0)
3. Find the vertex (by using the formula or by
completing the square)
4. Complete the graph (plot additional points as
needed)

11.7 More About Parabolas;


Applications

Graph of a horizontal (sideways) parabola:


The graph of x = ay2 + by + c or x = a(y - k)2 + h
is a parabola with vertex at (h, k) and the
horizontal line y = k as axis. The graph opens to
the right if a > 0 or to the left if a < 0.

11.7 More About Parabolas


Horizontal Parabola with Vertex (h, k)
x y k h
2

Vertex = (h, k)

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