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    Chapter 5 Powerpoint Le

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    Chapter 5 Powerpoint Le

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    of 42

    Gases

    Chapter 5

    CopyrightTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Permissionrequiredforreproductionordisplay.

    Elementsthatexistasgasesat250Cand1atmosphere

    5.1

    5.1

    PhysicalCharacteristicsofGases

    Gasesassumethevolumeandshapeoftheircontainers.

    Gasesarethemostcompressiblestateofmatter.

    Gaseswillmixevenlyandcompletelywhenconfinedto
    thesamecontainer.

    Gaseshavemuchlowerdensitiesthanliquidsandsolids.

    5.1

    Force
    Pressure= Area
    (force=massxacceleration)

    UnitsofPressure
    1pascal(Pa)=1N/m2
    1atm=760mmHg=760torr
    1atm=101,325Pa
    Barometer

    5.2

    10 miles

    4 miles
    Sea level

    0.2 atm

    0.5 atm
    1 atm

    5.2

    Manometers Used to Measure Gas Pressures

    5.2

    Apparatus for Studying the Relationship Between


    Pressure and Volume of a Gas

    AsP(h)increases

    Vdecreases

    5.3

    BoylesLaw

    P1/V
    PxV=constant
    P1xV1=P2xV2

    Constanttemperature
    Constantamountofgas
    5.3

    Asampleofchlorinegasoccupiesavolumeof946mL
    atapressureof726mmHg.Whatisthepressureof
    thegas(inmmHg)ifthevolumeisreducedatconstant
    temperatureto154mL?

    P x V = constant
    P1xV1=P2xV2
    P1=726mmHg

    P2=?

    V1=946mL

    V2=154mL

    P1xV1
    726mmHgx946mL
    P2=
    =
    =4460mmHg
    154mL
    V2
    5.3

    AsTincreases

    Vincreases

    5.3

    Variationofgasvolumewithtemperature
    atconstantpressure.

    Charles&
    Gay-Lussacs
    Law

    VT
    V=constantxT
    V1/T1=V2/T2

    Temperaturemustbe
    inKelvin
    T(K)=t(0C)+273.15

    5.3

    Asampleofcarbonmonoxidegasoccupies3.20Lat
    1250C.Atwhattemperaturewillthegasoccupya
    volumeof1.54Lifthepressureremainsconstant?

    V1/T1=V2/T2
    V1=3.20L

    V2=1.54L

    T1=398.15K

    T2=?

    T1=125(0C)+273.15(K)=398.15K
    V2xT1
    T2=
    =
    V1

    1.54Lx398.15K
    3.20L

    =192K
    5.3

    AvogadrosLaw
    Vnumberofmoles(n)
    V=constantxn

    Constanttemperature
    Constantpressure

    V1/n1=V2/n2

    5.3

    Ammoniaburnsinoxygentoformnitricoxide(NO)
    andwatervapor.HowmanyvolumesofNOare
    obtainedfromonevolumeofammoniaatthesame
    temperatureandpressure?

    4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O
    1moleNH31moleNO
    AtconstantTandP
    1volumeNH31volumeNO

    5.3

    5.3

    5.3

    5.3

    IdealGasEquation
    1
    Boyleslaw:V(atconstantnandT)
    P
    Charleslaw:VT(atconstantnandP)
    Avogadroslaw:Vn(atconstantPandT)
    nT
    V
    P

    nT
    nT
    V=constantx=R
    P
    P

    Risthegas constant

    PV=nRT
    5.4

    Theconditions00Cand1atmarecalledstandard
    temperature and pressure (STP).
    ExperimentsshowthatatSTP,1moleofanideal
    gasoccupies22.414L.

    PV = nRT
    (1atm)(22.414L)
    PV
    R=
    =
    nT
    (1mol)(273.15K)
    R=0.082057Latm/(molK)
    5.4

    Whatisthevolume(inliters)occupiedby49.8gofHCl
    atSTP?
    T=00C=273.15K

    PV = nRT
    nRT
    V=
    P
    V=

    P = 1 atm
    1molHCl
    n=49.8gx
    =1.37mol
    36.45gHCl

    Latm
    1.37molx0.0821x273.15K
    molK

    1atm

    V=30.6L
    5.4

    Argonisaninertgasusedinlightbulbstoretardthe
    vaporizationofthefilament.Acertainlightbulb
    containingargonat1.20atmand180Cisheatedto
    850Catconstantvolume.Whatisthefinalpressureof
    argoninthelightbulb(inatm)?

    PV=nRT

    n, V and Rare constant

    nR
    = P =constant
    T
    V
    P1
    P2
    =
    T1
    T2

    P1=1.20atm
    T1 =291K

    P2=?
    T2 =358K

    T2
    =1.20atmx 358K =1.48atm
    P2=P1 x
    291K
    T1
    5.4

    Density(d)Calculations
    PM
    m
    d=
    =
    V
    RT

    m isthemassofthegasing
    Misthemolarmassofthegas

    MolarMass(M )ofaGaseousSubstance
    dRT
    M=
    P

    disthedensityofthegasing/L

    5.4

    A2.10-Lvesselcontains4.65gofagasat1.00atm
    and27.00C.Whatisthemolarmassofthegas?

    dRT
    M=
    P

    M=

    g
    2.21
    L

    4.65g
    g
    m
    =
    =2.21 L
    d=
    V 2.10L
    Latm
    x0.0821x300.15K
    molK

    1atm

    M= 54.6g/mol

    5.4

    GasStoichiometry

    WhatisthevolumeofCO2producedat370Cand1.00
    atmwhen5.60gofglucoseareusedupinthereaction:
    C6H12O6(s)+6O2(g)6CO2(g)+6H2O(l)
    gC6H12O6molC6H12O6molCO2VCO2
    5.60gC6H12O6 x

    6molCO2
    1molC6H12O6
    x
    =0.187molCO2
    180gC6H12O6
    1molC6H12O6

    Latm
    0.187molx0.0821x310.15K
    nRT
    molK
    V=
    =
    1.00atm
    P

    =4.76L
    5.5

    DaltonsLawofPartialPressures

    VandT
    are
    constant

    P1

    P2

    Ptotal = P1+P2
    5.6

    Consideracaseinwhichtwogases,AandB,areina
    containerofvolumeV.

    nART
    PA=
    V

    nAisthenumberofmolesofA

    nBRT
    PB=
    V

    nBisthenumberofmolesofB

    PT=PA+PB
    PA=XAPT

    nA
    XA=
    nA+nB

    nB
    XB=
    nA+nB

    PB=XBPT

    Pi=XiPT

    mole fraction (Xi) =

    ni
    nT
    5.6

    Asampleofnaturalgascontains8.24molesofCH4,
    0.421molesofC2H6,and0.116molesofC3H8.Ifthe
    totalpressureofthegasesis1.37atm,whatisthe
    partialpressureofpropane(C3H8)?

    Pi=XiPT

    PT=1.37atm

    0.116
    Xpropane=
    8.24+0.421+0.116

    =0.0132

    Ppropane=0.0132x1.37atm =0.0181atm

    5.6

    Bottle full of oxygen


    gas and water vapor

    2KClO3(s)2KCl(s)+3O2(g)

    PT=PO
    +PHO
    2
    2

    5.6

    5.6

    Chemistry in Action:
    ScubaDivingandtheGasLaws

    Depth(ft)

    Pressure
    (atm)

    33

    66

    5.6

    KineticMolecularTheoryofGases
    1. Agasiscomposedofmoleculesthatareseparatedfrom
    eachotherbydistancesfargreaterthantheirown
    dimensions.Themoleculescanbeconsideredtobepoints;
    thatis,theypossessmassbuthavenegligiblevolume.
    2. Gasmoleculesareinconstantmotioninrandomdirections,
    andtheyfrequentlycollidewithoneanother.Collisions
    amongmoleculesareperfectlyelastic.
    3. Gasmoleculesexertneitherattractivenorrepulsiveforces
    ononeanother.
    4. Theaveragekineticenergyofthemoleculesisproportional
    tothetemperatureofthegasinkelvins.Anytwogasesat
    thesametemperaturewillhavethesameaveragekinetic
    energy
    KE=mu2
    5.7

    Kinetictheoryofgasesand
    CompressibilityofGases
    BoylesLaw
    Pcollisionratewithwall
    Collisionratenumberdensity
    Numberdensity1/V
    P1/V

    CharlesLaw
    Pcollisionratewithwall
    Collisionrateaveragekineticenergyofgasmolecules
    AveragekineticenergyT
    PT
    5.7

    Kinetictheoryofgasesand
    AvogadrosLaw
    Pcollisionratewithwall
    Collisionratenumberdensity
    Numberdensityn
    Pn

    DaltonsLawofPartialPressures
    Moleculesdonotattractorrepeloneanother
    Pexertedbyonetypeofmoleculeisunaffectedbythe
    presenceofanothergas
    Ptotal=Pi

    5.7

    Apparatusforstudyingmolecularspeeddistribution

    5.7

    Thedistributionofspeeds
    ofthreedifferentgases
    atthesametemperature

    Thedistributionofspeeds
    fornitrogengasmolecules
    atthreedifferenttemperatures

    urms=

    3RT
    M
    5.7

    Chemistry in Action: Super Cold Atoms

    GaseousRbAtoms
    1.7x10-7K
    Bose-EinsteinCondensate

    Gas diffusionisthegradualmixingofmoleculesofonegas
    withmoleculesofanotherbyvirtueoftheirkineticproperties.
    r1
    r2

    M2
    M1

    NH4Cl

    NH3
    17g/mol

    HCl
    36g/mol
    5.7

    Gas effusionistheistheprocessbywhichgasunder
    pressureescapesfromonecompartmentofacontainerto
    anotherbypassingthroughasmallopening.
    r1
    r2

    t2
    t1

    M2
    M1

    Nickelformsagaseouscompoundoftheformula
    Ni(CO)x.Whatisthevalueofxgiventhatunderthesame
    conditionsmethane(CH4)effuses3.3timesfasterthan
    thecompound?
    r1 2
    r1=3.3xr2
    xM1 =(3.3)2x16=174.2
    M2=
    r2
    x=4.1~4
    58.7+x 28=174.2
    M1=16g/mol

    ( )

    5.7

    DeviationsfromIdealBehavior

    1moleofidealgas
    PV=nRT
    PV =1.0
    n=
    RT

    RepulsiveForces

    AttractiveForces

    5.8

    Effectofintermolecularforcesonthepressureexertedbyagas.

    5.8

    Van der Waals equation


    nonidealgas
    2
    an
    ( P+(Vnb)=nRT
    V2 )

    corrected
    pressure

    corrected
    volume

    5.8

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