2

Circuit and Packet

Switching
1.- Switching Nodes
2.- Circuit Switching Evolution
3.- Introduction to Packet Switching
4.- Basics of Internet Protocol
5.- User Datagram Protocol
6.- Mobile Internet Protocol

Zamah Sari
Jose Santos

Networks are used to interconnect many devices.

We have checked with Local Area Networks.

Now, wide area networks

Since the invention of the telephone, circuit switching has been the
dominant technology for voice communications
Since 1970, packet switching has evolved substantially for digital data
communications. It was designed to provide a more efficient facility than
circuit switching for bursty data traffic.
Long distance transmission between stations (called end devices) is
typically done over a network of switching nodes.

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Switching nodes

Nodes may connect to other nodes, or to some stations.

Network is usually partially connected

However, some redundant connections are desirable for reliability

Two different switching technologies

Circuit switching

Packet switching

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Circuit Switching Evolution

There is a dedicated communication path between two stations

(end-to-end)

The path is a connected sequence of links between network

nodes. On each physical link, a logical channel is dedicated to
the connection.

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From the Simple Switching Network..

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Communication via circuit switching has three

phases:

Circuit establishment (link by link)

Routing & resource allocation (FDM or TDM)

Data transfer

Circuit disconnect

Deallocate the dedicated resources

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Circuit SwitchinG,
PROPERTIES

Inefficiency

Channel capacity is dedicated for the whole duration of a connection

If no data, capacity is wasted

Delay

Long initial delay: circuit establishment takes time

Low data delay: after the circuit establishment, information is transmitted at a

fixed data rate with no delay other than the propagation delay. The delay at
each node is negligible.

Developed for voice traffic (public telephone network) but can

also applied to data traffic.

For voice connections, the resulting circuit will enjoy a high percentage of
utilization because most of the time one party or the other is talking.

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Introduction to Packet
Switching

Packet switching is designed for solve the main four problems

of Circuit Switching:

Resources dedicated to a particular call

designed for voice service

For data transmission, much of the time the connection is idle

(web browsing)

Data rate is fixed

Both ends must operate at the same rate during the entire period of connection

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Introduction to Packet
Switching, advantages

Data rate conversion

Each station connects to the local node at its own speed

Line efficiency

Single node-to-node link can be dynamically shared by many packets over time

Packets are queued up and transmitted as fast as possible

In circuit-switching, a connection could be blocked if there lacks

free resources. On a packet-switching network, even with heavy
traffic, packets are still accepted, by delivery delay increases.

Is possible use priorities

On each node, packets with higher priority can be forwarded first. They will
experience less delay than lower-priority packets.

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Introduction to Packet
Switching, basic operations

Data are transmitted in short packets

Typically at the order of 1000 bytes

Longer messages are split into series of packets

Each packet contains a portion of user data plus some control info

Control info contains at least

Routing (addressing) info

Recall the content of an IP header

Store and forward

On each switching node, packets are received, stored briefly (buffered) and
passed on to the next node.

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Introduction to Packet
Switching, use of packets

A station breaks long message into packets

Packets are sent out to the network sequentially, one at a

time.

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Basics of Internet Protocol,

definition of protocol

In order for computers to communicate with one another, they

must agree on a set of rules for who says what, when and in
which format. This set of rules is a protocol

Different programs can use different protocols

Protocols may be in ASCII (characters) or in binary

Some common protocols are HTTP (for web pages), FTP (for file
transfer), and SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

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Basics of Internet Protocol

The Internet Protocol Suite:

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The View of Internet:

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Basics of Internet Protocol,

sockets

Sockets, or ports, are a very low level software construct that

allows computers to talk to one another

When you send information from one computer to another, you

send it to a port on the receiving computer

If the computer is listening on that port, it receives the information

In order for the computer to make sense of the information, it must know what
protocol is being used

Common port numbers are 80 (for web pages), 23 (for telnet)

and 25 and 110 (for mails)

Port numbers above 1024 are available for other kinds of

communication between our programs

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Basics of Internet Protocol,

TCP / IP

The Internet (and most other computer networks) are

connected through TCP/IP networks

TCP/IP is actually a combination of two protocols:

IP, Internet Protocol, is used to move packets (chunks) of data

from one place to another

Places are specified by IP addresses: four single-byte (0..255)

numbers separated by periods
Example: 192.168.1.1

TCP, Transmission Control Protocol, ensures that all necessary

packets are present, and puts them together in the correct
order

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The job of the Network layer protocol is send packets from one
point to another point

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Basics of Internet Protocol,

hostname and dns services

The real name of a computer on the internet is its four-byte IP

address

People, however, dont like to remember numbers, so we use

hostnames instead

For example the hostname of www.google.com is 74.125.200

You can check it using the command nslookup

A DNS (Domain Name Server) is a computer that translates

hostnames into IP addresses

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Basics of Internet Protocol,

DHCP

If you have a web site, it must be hosted on a computer that is

permanently on the Web

This computer must have a permanent IP address

There arent enough IP addresses for the number of computers there are these
days

If you have no permanent web site, you can be given a

temporary (dynamically allocated) IP address each time you
connect to the Web

Similarly, if you have a home or office network, only one

computer needs a permanent IP address

The rest of the computers can be assigned internal, permanent

IP addresses (not known to the rest of the world)

They can also be assigned internal IP addresses dynamically

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a way of

assigning temporary IP addresses as needed

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Basics of Internet Protocol,

URLs

A URL, Uniform Resource Locater, defines a location on the Web

A URL has up to five parts:

http://www.realmadrid.com:80/ad/index.html#specials

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User Datagram Protocol

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is an alternative communications

protocol to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) used primarily
for establishing low-latency and loss tolerating connections
between applications on the Internet

The Protocol send short packets of data, called datagrams

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User Datagram Protocol

UDP is an ideal protocol for network applications in
which perceived latency is critical such as gaming,
voice and video communications, which can suffer
some data loss without adversely affecting
perceived quality.

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User Datagram Protocol

How it work:

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User Datagram Protocol,

encapsulation and
decapsulation

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User Datagram Protocol,

multiplexing and
demultiplexing

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User Datagram Protocol,

TCP vs UDP

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MOBILE INTERNET
PROTOCOL
Mobile IP is a standard communication protocol defined by IETF

Allow mobile device users to move from one IP network to

another while maintaining their permanent IP address

Mobile IP is scalable for the Internet because it is based on IP

any media that can support IP can support Mobile IP.

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MOBILE INTERNET
PROTOCOL,
Increase in the variety of mobile devices, such as PDAs,
why?
laptops and cellular phones, more and more internet services

are accessible to moving users with the widely deployed

wireless networks.

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Mobile internet protocol,

Architecture

Mobile Node (MN) - A Node moving to different network, with permanent Home
Address.

Home Agent (HA) - A router on a mobile node's home network which tunnels
datagrams for delivery to the mobile node when it is away from home, and maintains
current location information for the mobile node.

Home Address - The static fixed IP Address allocated to a mobile node by Home
Agent.

Home Network - A network, having a network prefix/network id.matching that of a

mobile node's home address

Foreign Network - A network other than a Mobile nodes home network.

Foreign Agent - Router in foreign network that provides CoA and tunneling with HA
and forward the packets to MN.

Care-of Address - Termination point of a tunnel toward a MN in the foreign netwrok.

Mobility Binding - The association of a home address with a care-of address (CoA).

Correspondent Node (CN) - A peer node with which a Mobile node is

communicating.

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Mobile internet protocol,

registration process

1.- Registration Request by MN to FA

2.- FA Relays Registration request to HA
3.- HA sends Registration reply to FA
4.- FA Relays Registration reply to MN

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Mobile internet protocol,

tables in the rooter

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Mobile internet protocol,

TUNNELING

When CN sends the data to MN, it uses the original address of the MN,
so the packet goes to HA.

From the mobility binding HA encapsulates the packet (IP-in-IP or

GRE) and sends to CoA.

The FA de-capsulate the packet and extracts the original packet that
was sent by the CN.

The FA then sends this packet to the MN using the Home address
destination.

The reverse route from MN to CN may or may not follow this path.

Triangle routing Reply packets are sent directly to CN from MN

Reverse Tunneling Reply packet are tunneled to HA by FA.

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MULTIMEDIA TRANSPORT
PROTOCOLS

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MULTIMEDIA TRANSPORT
PROTOCOLS

The goal of multimedia transport protocols is to transmit

multimedia signals from one point to another point

Multimedia original signals are encoded to reduce the bit

rate

The most important variables governing the operation of

Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP) are the Time Stamp (TS)
and the Sequence Number (SN)

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MULTIMEDIA TRANSPORT
PROTOCOLS,
time
stamp
The Time Stamp
(TS) is responsible for placing the incoming

packets in correct timing order

The initial value of the TS is selected randomly and

independently for each RTP stream

The TS value is increased by the time indicated by each

packet
Examp: For the case of audio transmission with 20ms as packetization
interval, the TS may take the values 0, 20, 40, 60, ...for packet numbers
1, 2, 3, ... respectively

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MULTIMEDIA TRANSPORT
PROTOCOLS,
Sequence
The Sequence Number number
(SN) is used to detect packet loss

occurrences.

It is increased by one for each packet in the stream

It should be mentioned that for a video frame that is split into

multiple RTP packets, these packets share the same value of TS
but use different SN

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MULTIMEDIA TRANSPORT
PROTOCOLS,
There is a separate
control
protocol that isProtocol
generally used with
Real
Time
Control
RTP, which is named Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP)

RTCP synchronizes across different media streams by feedback

messages

Provides feedback on the quality of data transmission by using

lost packet counts in the Receiver Report

RTCP reports are sent periodically (every 5 sec.) between

participants with the restriction that its traffic should not
exceed 5% of the total data traffic

RTP supports multicasting, payload type identification, time

stamping, sequence numbering, delivery monitoring

Home Work #1
Make

resume about Circuits and

Packet Switching that are not
from this slides.
The resume will be about:
1.What is Circuit all about.
2.What is Packet Switching about.
3.Why we use packet switching
over circuits.