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    Basics Principles of Radiology

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    Bombom
    This document provides an overview of the basic principles of radiology. It discusses the history of radiology beginning with Roentgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895. The main types of radiology are diagnostic radiology, which uses radiation for diagnosis, and radiotherapy, which uses radiation to treat cancer. The major imaging modalities covered are x-rays, CT, nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and MRI. Each modality is described in terms of its components, imaging principles, and key terminology. The document also discusses radiation protection principles and some commonly used radiopharmaceuticals.

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    Basics Principles of Radiology

    Uploaded by

    Bombom
    76 views55 pages
    This document provides an overview of the basic principles of radiology. It discusses the history of radiology beginning with Roentgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895. The main types of radiology are diagnostic radiology, which uses radiation for diagnosis, and radiotherapy, which uses radiation to treat cancer. The major imaging modalities covered are x-rays, CT, nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and MRI. Each modality is described in terms of its components, imaging principles, and key terminology. The document also discusses radiation protection principles and some commonly used radiopharmaceuticals.

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    This document provides an overview of the basic principles of radiology. It discusses the history of radiology beginning with Roentgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895. The main types of radiology are diagnostic radiology, which uses radiation for diagnosis, and radiotherapy, which uses radiation to treat cancer. The major imaging modalities covered are x-rays, CT, nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and MRI. Each modality is described in terms of its components, imaging principles, and key terminology. The document also discusses radiation protection principles and some commonly used radiopharmaceuticals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    76 views55 pages

    Basics Principles of Radiology

    Uploaded by

    Bombom
    This document provides an overview of the basic principles of radiology. It discusses the history of radiology beginning with Roentgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895. The main types of radiology are diagnostic radiology, which uses radiation for diagnosis, and radiotherapy, which uses radiation to treat cancer. The major imaging modalities covered are x-rays, CT, nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and MRI. Each modality is described in terms of its components, imaging principles, and key terminology. The document also discusses radiation protection principles and some commonly used radiopharmaceuticals.

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    You are on page 1of 55

    BASIC PRINCIPLES OF

    RADIOLOGY
    Bachtiar Murtala

    BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
    RADIOLOGY
    Bachtiar Murtala

    General objective
    To provide a basic understanding of
    ionizing radiation and other sources as a
    tool of diagnosis

    Specific objectives :
    - Types of radiation sources
    - Equipments
    - Basics of interpretation
    - Biologic effects
    - Radiation protection

    History in brief
    Radiology started when Prof.Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
    discovered of a new kind of rays (x-rays) in November
    8,1895 in Germany
    He made a first photograph of his wifes (Bertha) hand in
    Dec 22, 1895 using the rays, signed the true birthday of
    radiology as a medical specialty.
    He was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901
    Later, CT (Computed Tomography) and US
    (Ultrasonography) introduced in the seventies dan MRI
    ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) in the eighties.
    CT was discovered by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield, and
    together with Allen Cormack , awarded Nobel Prize in
    1979.

    Radiology can be categorized as

    Diagnostic radiologyRadiations
    (ionizing and nonionizing ), used as a tool
    to make diagnosis of diseases.
    Radiotherapy or radiation oncology
    --radiation used as an agent to eradicate
    tumor/cancer

    Types of radiation source


    Radiations can be categorized into two
    main forms :
    (1) Electromagnetic
    X-rays,gamma-rays, uv, infra red, visible
    light, radio waves.

    (2) Particles
    Electron, positron,etc

    X-ray
    To develop of x-ray beam, we need :
    A vacuum tube
    Electrons
    Focusing cup
    Metal filament
    Target

    In conventional radiography, after passing the


    body, x-ray will create an image directly on
    photographic film.
    The film is covered by a thin emulsion of Silver
    Bromide (AgBr), which is very sensitive to x-rays
    and visible light, blackening the film after
    having developed in liquid developer ( washing
    processing )

    Terms in conventional radiography


    Darkness to brightness

    Hyperradioluscent : free-air
    Radioluscent
    : lung, fat tissue
    Intermediate
    : soft tissues,water/fluid
    Radiopaque
    : Calsium, bone
    Hyperrariopaque : metal

    CT-Scan
    (Computerized Tomography Scan )
    The greatest step forward since the discovery of
    X-rays. First CT-Scan was introduced in 1972.
    X-rays pass the patient and reach detectors ( not
    on the film )
    Only thin tissue slices are exposed by X-rays
    high contrast resolution, no superimposition/
    blurring of structures
    Tissue and water/fluid can be distinguished ( in
    conventional radiography can not be )

    Terms in CT
    Hyperdense : blood, calcification, bone
    Isodense/normodense : normal soft
    tissues such as; brain, liver, spleen,etc
    Hypodense : fluid, edema, fat, abscess,
    tumor, etc

    HU=Hounsfield Unit

    Radionuclide Imaging
    ( Nuclear medicine )
    Radioactive introduced into the body of
    the patients orally or intravenously
    Detection of radiation emitted from
    radioactive tracer inside the patient
    Radioactive tracers, termed
    radiopharmaceuticals emit gamma rays.
    Gamma camera is used to detect the rays
    and produce image.

    Two major tomographic methods :


    (1) SPECT ( single photon emission
    computed tomography)
    (2) PET ( positron emission tomography )

    Ultrasonography
    Ultrasound (US) sound wave freq >20
    KHz (above the human hearing range)
    Commonly used : 2-10 MHz
    No biologic effects

    Components
    Transducer/probe which contain piezoelectrical crystals ( the main component )
    These crystals act as both
    transmitter/produce ultrasound and
    receiver (of echo)
    Computer and dysplay
    Printer

    The most important part is transducer


    Transducer contains piezoelectric crystals
    with two functions : transmitter of US and
    receiver of echo
    Echo returning to transducer generates
    electrical signalscomputer image

    Terms in US
    Hyperechoic = echorich brightness :
    calcification, stone, gas
    Isoechoic= normoechoic : normal soft
    tissue; liver, spleen, etc
    Hypoechoic = echopoor : tumor, abscess
    Free-echoic = unechoic : fluid ;water,etc

    MRI
    ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging )
    The latest newcomer of radiological modalities
    Exploits hydrogen nuclei (proton) of the human
    body to develop signal
    Images in any plane of any part of the body
    No ionizing radiation No biologic effects
    Contraindication for patients with using
    ferromagnetic material such as pacemaker
    More expensive, theoretically more difficult, and
    technically more advanced

    Main Components

    A very strong magnet ( 0.1-1.5 Tesla or > )


    A radio transmitter
    A radio frequency receiver coil
    A computer

    Terms in MRI
    T1WI, T2WI, DWI, etc
    (T1 Weighted Image)
    Hyperintense : brightness
    Isointense
    : same with normal adjacent
    tissue
    Hypointense : darkness

    T1WI
    T2WI

    Positioning in radiography
    In conventional radiography, we should
    familiar with the routine positions
    PA : Postero-anterior
    AP : Anterio-posterior
    RLD : Right lateral decubitus
    LLD : Left lateral decubitus
    etc

    Foto2

    Biologic effects
    Come from X-rays and gamma-rays since
    they can ionize atoms/molecules of
    human tissue
    Can be grouped into : immediately effects,
    latent somatic effects, and manifest
    genetic damage

    Principles of radiation protection


    Should be apply to : patient, personnel,
    and environment / around people
    Work with : - shorten time,
    - appropriate distance,
    - use protective tools
    Avoid and reduce somatic and genetic
    doses to as low as possible ( ALARA, As
    Low As Reasonably Achievable )

    Thank you

    Nama Radioaktif

    Energi
    SinarGamma
    ( MeV )

    Half - life

    - Radium-226

    0.029-2.43

    1620 Th

    - Caesium-137

    0.662

    30 Th

    - Cobalt- 60

    1.17 & 1.33

    5,3 Th

    - Iridium-192

    0.296 & 0.613

    74 hari

    - Iodine-131

    0.364 & 0.637

    8 hari

    - Gold-198

    0.411

    2-7 hari

    - Technetium-99m 0.140

    6 jam

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