Scribd
Upload
49 views

Introduction To C++: CS-2303 System Programming Concepts

This document provides an introduction to C++, including: - C++ extends C with classes, templates, inheritance, function overloading, and improved standard libraries. - A simple C++ example demonstrates stream input/output using cout and cin to read and write integers. - Header files contain function prototypes and class definitions needed to interface C++ code with libraries. Commonly used headers like iostream and cmath are discussed. - References in C++ are alternative names for objects, not separate objects like pointers. Reference parameters pass arguments by reference rather than value.

Uploaded by

kakoli19801980
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
49 views

Introduction To C++: CS-2303 System Programming Concepts

This document provides an introduction to C++, including: - C++ extends C with classes, templates, inheritance, function overloading, and improved standard libraries. - A simple C++ example demonstrates stream input/output using cout and cin to read and write integers. - Header files contain function prototypes and class definitions needed to interface C++ code with libraries. Commonly used headers like iostream and cmath are discussed. - References in C++ are alternative names for objects, not separate objects like pointers. Reference parameters pass arguments by reference rather than value.

Uploaded by

kakoli19801980
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Introduction to C++

CS-2303
System Programming Concepts
(Slides include materials from The C Programming Language, 2nd edition, by Kernighan and Ritchie and
from C: How to Program, 5th and 6th editions, by Deitel and Deitel)

Slides (shamelessly) borrowed from Prof. Knicki


CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

Reading
Deitel & Deitel, 5th edition Chapter 18
Deitel & Deitel, 6th edition Chapter 15
For reference:
Bjarne Stroustrup, The C++ Programming
Language: Special Edition
Nicolai M. Josuttis, The C++ Standard
Library: A Tutorial and Reference
CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

An Older Edition of Stroustrups Book

Stroustrup 3rd edition


CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

What Is C++?
(Mostly) an extension of C to include:

Classes
Templates
Inheritance and Multiple Inheritance
Function and Operator Overloading
New (and better) Standard Library
References and Reference Parameters
Default Arguments
Note: Objective C was invented
at about the same time, with
Inline Functions
similar goals.

A few small syntactic differences from C


CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

Compiling C++
Use gcc, Visual Studio, etc.
File types
.cc, .cp, .cpp, .CPP, .cxx, .c++, .C
.h, .H Some of these have special properties.

CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

In this Topic
Syntax differences between C and C++
A Simple C++ Example
C++ Input/Output

C++ Libraries
C++ Header Files

References and Reference Parameters


Call by Reference in C++
CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

Background
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at
Bell Laboratories
Originally called C with classes
The name C++ is based on Cs increment
operator (++)
Indicating that C++ is an enhanced version of C

Widely used in many applications and fields


Well-suited to Programming in the Large
CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

A Simple C++ Example D&D Figure 18.1


// C++ simple example

C++ style comments

#include <iostream> //for C++ Input and Output


int main ()
{
standard output stream object
int number3;
stream insertion operator
std::cout << "Enter a number:";
std::cin >> number3;
int number2, sum;

stream extraction operator


standard input stream object

std::cout << "Enter another number:";


std::cin >> number2;
sum = number2 + number3;
std::cout << "Sum is: " << sum <<std::endl;
}

stream manipulator
Concatenating insertion operators

return 0;

CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

A Simple C++ Program


<iostream>
Must be included for any program that outputs data to
the screen or inputs data from the keyboard using C++
style stream input/output.
Replaces <stdio.h> of C

C++ requires you to specify the return type,


possibly void, for all functions.
Specifying a parameter list with empty parentheses is
equivalent to specifying a void parameter list in C.
CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

10

Notes on Simple C++ Program


Stream manipulator std::endl
Outputs a newline.
Flushes the output buffer
Note: std::ends flushes the buffer
but does not add newline.

The notation std::cout specifies a name


(cout ) that belongs to the namespace std.

Namespace: a generalization of scope.

C++ allows access to multiple namespaces


with the ' :: ' operator
CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

11

18.5 Header Files


C++ Standard Library header files
Each contains a portion of the Standard Library.
Function prototypes for the related functions
Definitions of various class types and functions
Constants needed by those functions

Instruct the compiler on how to interface with library


and user-written components.
Header file names ending in .h
Are old-style header files
Superseded by the C++ Standard Library header files

Use #include directive to include class in a program.


CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

12

Fig. 18.2 C++ Standard Library header files

Continues for
three pages!

CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

13

Needed for Lab #4


<iostream>
cin and cout for stream input and output

<cmath>
sqrt()

CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

14

Keywords Shared with C

Figure 18.4 in D&D

CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

18

New Keywords in C++

Figure 18.4 in D&D

CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

19

References in C++
Definition Reference: An Alternative Name
for an Object
BIG difference from Java
References are only created in declarations
and parameters
A reference can only appear where the
object itself could have appeared
CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

21

Simple References
void f() {
int j = 1;
int &r = j;
int x = r;
r = 2;
} //f

//r and j refer to same int


// x now is 1

// j now is 2

Sometimes, reference
declarations are written as

int& r1 = k
int k;
int &r1 = k;
// okay: r1 is initialized
int &r2; // error; initializer missing
extern int &r3;
//okay; r3 defined

elsewhere

CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

22

Simple References (continued)


void g() {
ss
e
r
d
ad
int ii = 0;
.
y
r
C
a
m
un
o
r
f
e
int &rr = ii;
r
h
s t ht ove
i
'
& is o
g
'
rr++;
// ii
now
1
u
s
i
r
b
Th
r
o
t
The
p e ra
o
s
int *pp = b&rr;
ut r e '*' // pp now points to ii
ath
} //g
er d and '
ecl a &pointer
Note: This declares
exactly as in C,
a ra ' a re
and initializes it withtiothe
of rr
not
n q address
ual ii)ope
(which is another name for
ifie
r
rs. ators
CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

23

Example Usage of a Reference


int grid[1000];
int rowSize, x, y;
...
int &element = grid[x*rowSize+y];
...
/* computations on integer named
element */

CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

24

Reference Parameters
An alias for its corresponding argument in a
function call.
& placed after the parameter type in the function
prototype and function header

Example
int &count in a function header
Pronounced as count is a reference to an int

Parameter name in the called function body


actually refers to the original variable in the
calling function.
CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

25

Reference Parameter Example


C version
void swap (int *a, int *b) {
int temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
} //
void swap()

Hazard: a NULL pointer

C++ version
void swap (int &a, int &b) {
int temp = a;
Non-hazard:
a = b;
b = temp;
} //
void swap()
CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

no pointer here

26

Notes on References and Pointers


Pointers in C do multiple duty
Links, as in linked lists and trees
Parameters, where the function needs to return
a value to an argument provided by the caller
Short-hand, a short way of referring to an
object that otherwise would need a complex
expression

CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

27

Java vs. C++ References


In Java, a reference is a data type.
It can be assigned to, compared, copied, stored, etc.
Same reference can refer to different objects at
different times during execution

In C++, a reference is an alias for an object


It cannot be assigned to; assignment is through the
reference to the underlying object
Similar to dereferencing a pointer in C

A reference always refers to the same object for the


duration of its scope
CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

28

Repeat Three Times


A reference is not a pointer,
A reference is not a pointer,
A reference is not a pointer,
And neither of them resembles a
Java reference
CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

29

Questions?

CS-2303, C-Ter
m 2010

Introduction to
C++

30

You might also like