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    Redox and Photosynthesis: Redox Reactions Electron Transport Chains Light Reactions

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    shiyi
    Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to drive redox reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The light reactions use photon energy to excite electrons, which are used to establish an electrochemical gradient across thylakoid membranes via electron transport chains. This gradient is used to produce ATP via chemiosmosis. The excited electrons and ATP are then used in the dark reactions to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose through the Calvin cycle.

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    Redox and Photosynthesis: Redox Reactions Electron Transport Chains Light Reactions

    Uploaded by

    shiyi
    64 views34 pages
    Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to drive redox reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The light reactions use photon energy to excite electrons, which are used to establish an electrochemical gradient across thylakoid membranes via electron transport chains. This gradient is used to produce ATP via chemiosmosis. The excited electrons and ATP are then used in the dark reactions to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose through the Calvin cycle.

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    Lecture 22- Photosynthesis Light Reactions-2

    Original Title

    Lecture 22- Photosynthesis Light Reactions-2

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    Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to drive redox reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The light reactions use photon energy to excite electrons, which are used to establish an electrochemical gradient across thylakoid membranes via electron transport chains. This gradient is used to produce ATP via chemiosmosis. The excited electrons and ATP are then used in the dark reactions to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose through the Calvin cycle.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    64 views34 pages

    Redox and Photosynthesis: Redox Reactions Electron Transport Chains Light Reactions

    Uploaded by

    shiyi
    Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to drive redox reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The light reactions use photon energy to excite electrons, which are used to establish an electrochemical gradient across thylakoid membranes via electron transport chains. This gradient is used to produce ATP via chemiosmosis. The excited electrons and ATP are then used in the dark reactions to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose through the Calvin cycle.

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    You are on page 1of 34

    Redox and

    photosynthesis
    Redox reactions
    Electron transport chains
    Light reactions
    1

    Exam 2 score distribution


    average:
    31.2

    What happens if the energy runs


    out and the ion pumps stop?
    A.
    B.
    C.

    the system halts immediately


    the system works until ion gradients
    reach equilibrium
    the system runs indefinitely

    You have a pump that pumps


    chlorine ions out of the cell. What
    will happen?
    A.

    Chlorine moves back into the cell

    B.

    An electrochemical gradient is created where


    the outside of the cell has a positive charge

    C.

    An electrochemical gradient is created where


    the outside of the cell has a negative charge

    D.

    The cell will reach equilibrium


    4

    You have a pump that pumps


    glucose out of the cell. What will
    happen?
    A.

    Oxygen moves back into the cell

    B.

    Only a chemical gradient is created (not


    electrochemical)

    C.

    An electrochemical gradient is created where


    the outside has a positive charge

    D.

    An electrochemical gradient is created where


    the outside has a negative charge

    You have a pump that pumps


    oxygen out of the cell. What will
    happen?
    A.

    Oxygen moves back into the cell

    B.

    Only a chemical gradient is created (not


    electrochemical)

    C.

    An electrochemical gradient is created where


    the outside has a positive charge

    D.

    An electrochemical gradient is created where


    the outside has a negative charge

    Students will understand how energy is


    transformed from chemical or solar
    energy into the universal power source
    of cells, ATP.

    Focus: Photosynthesis
    Redox reactions and electron transport chains
    Light reactions: split water, capture energy from sunlight
    7

    Redox: reactions that move electrons


    The closer to the nucleus, the lower the potential
    energy of the electron

    Carbon (not very electronegative) holds its


    electrons more looselythis is unstable
    and high energy

    Oxygen (highly electronegative) holds its


    electrons tightlythis is very stable and
    low energy
    Figure 8.2: potential energy of electrons

    Redox: reactions that move electrons


    The closer to the nucleus, the lower the potential
    energy of the electron
    Atom gains higher-energy electron: reduced.
    Atom gains lower-energy electron or
    loses it entirely: oxidized.
    (Greedy electronegative Oxygen often steals it)

    Figure 8.2: potential energy of electrons

    Redox: reactions that move electrons


    CO2 and H2O electrons: low energy
    C6H12O6 and ATP electrons:
    high energy

    Figure 8.2: potential energy of electrons

    10

    Redox: reactions that move electrons


    PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
    Photons from light
    excite low-energy elections
    which are stored in ATP and
    glucose.
    CO2 and H2O are
    reduced
    Figure 8.2: potential energy of electrons

    11

    Redox: reactions that move electrons


    RESPIRATION
    Strip high-energy electrons
    from glucose
    Use them to create proton
    gradient
    Which reconstitutes ATP

    Glucose is
    OXIDIZED
    Figure 8.2: potential energy of electrons

    12

    A molecule gains an electron in a


    reaction. This molecule is
    A.
    B.
    C.
    D.
    E.

    Reduced
    Oxidized
    Always high in potential energy
    Always oxygen
    Lucky!

    13

    Electron carriers cycle between a


    reduced and oxidized state.
    _ _
    +
    REDUCED

    _ _

    OXIDIZED

    _ _

    Electron carriers cycle between a


    reduced and oxidized state.
    Respiration

    FROM: glycolysis or citric acid cycle

    _ _

    NAD+

    NADH

    TO: electron transport chain


    FROM: glycolysis or citric acid cycle

    _ _

    FADH+

    FADH2

    TO: electron transport chain

    NADP+

    FROM: electron transport chain

    _ _

    Photosynthesis

    NADPH

    TO: glucose
    15

    Hey...What does this chemical (NAD+)


    remind you of....?

    Nicotinamide

    Dinucleotide
    e-

    e-

    Adenine

    16

    Electron Transport Chain:


    Surface understanding:
    Electrons flow from NADH or FADH to Oxygen
    (respiration)
    e- eNADH
    1

    e-

    e-

    e-

    e-

    e-

    e-

    O2
    7

    e- e-

    H2O

    NAD+

    Shown above: mitochondrial transport chain


    Can you fill in the sources and final acceptors
    for the chloroplast chains?

    17

    Electron Transport Chain:


    Deeper understanding:
    The chain and flow is a series of redox reactions
    PULLED by the final electron acceptor
    RESUPPLIED by electron carriers
    reduced

    e- eNADH
    1
    NAD+

    e-

    e-

    oxidized

    e-

    e-

    e-

    e-

    O2
    7

    e- e-

    H2O

    Now the chain is complete...what is the first reaction that will set it off
    18
    again?

    In an electron transport chain,


    every redox reaction:
    A.
    B.
    C.
    D.

    is endergonic
    is exergonic
    is A or B; it depends on the reaction
    requires ATP

    19

    What is the role of oxygen in


    respiration?
    A.
    B.
    C.
    D.
    E.

    It is used to oxidize glucose directly


    It carries electrons to the electron transport
    chain
    It accepts electrons at the end of the electron
    transport chain
    It directly oxidizes chemicals in the electron
    transport chain
    It transports protons
    20

    Overview of
    photosynthesis
    Light reactions
    capture energy from sunlight.

    WHERE?
    across the thylakoid
    membranes

    Photons excite electrons from H2O.

    Chemiosmosis produces ATP (nearly


    identical to mitochondrial ATP
    production)
    Excited electrons are captured in
    NADPH for use later

    21

    Overview of
    photosynthesis
    WHERE?

    dark reactions
    Reduce CO2 to glucose.

    Chloroplast stroma

    Captured energy from ATP and


    NADPH used in Calvin cycle
    Requires CO2

    22

    Light reactions capture energy


    for the dark reactions
    Electrons are excited by light in two different, interconnected photosystems.
    Photosystem II removes electrons from water and makes ATP
    Photosystem I takes those electrons and excites them again, then stores them in NADPH

    Plant pigments absorb energy


    packets from photons.
    Different wavelengths of light
    pack different amounts of energy.
    Green is not absorbedthus
    chlorophyll appears green.
    23

    Light reactions capture energy


    for the dark reactions
    Electrons are excited by light in two different, interconnected photosystems.
    Photosystem II removes electrons from water and makes ATP (photophosphorylation)
    Photosystem I takes those electrons and excites them again, then stores them in NADPH

    Structure-Function relationships:
    Photopigments capture different wavelengths
    Resonance energy transfer due to
    organization of pigments
    Membrane proteins and pigment moleculesall hydrophobic
    Carotenoids protect chlorophylls
    Photosystem: photosynthetic pigments, Electron transport chain proteins
    24

    Light reactions capture energy


    for the dark reactions
    Electrons are excited by light in two different, interconnected photosystems.
    Photosystem II removes electrons from water and makes ATP (photophosphorylation)
    Photosystem I takes those electrons and excites them again, then stores them in NADPH

    Ele
    ctro
    nt

    ran
    s

    por
    t

    cha
    in

    In both
    photosystems,
    electron energy is
    harvested by ETCs

    Electron
    acceptor

    Photosystem: photosynthetic pigments, Electron transport chain proteins


    25

    What is the source of electrons in


    photosynthesis?
    A.
    B.
    C.
    D.
    E.

    glucose
    photosystems
    water
    carbon dioxide
    oxygen

    26

    Light reactions capture energy


    for the dark reactions
    Photosystem II:
    Electrons are captured by electron acceptor
    pheophytin, moved to an electron transport chain

    27

    Light reactions capture energy


    for the dark reactions
    H2O split and ATP made in stroma
    PC

    H pumped into lumen of thylakoids

    Plastocyanin accepts used electrons and


    takes them to Photosystem I.
    28

    Photosystem I accepts electrons from


    Photosystem II (via PC) and reexcites them

    The electrons are passed along until they are at the


    perfect amount of energy to reduce NADP+
    NADP+ is the plant version of NAD+
    It carries two electrons.
    29

    Electron energy

    Photosystems I and II together

    Photosystem II
    +

    Inputs: H2O and light

    ++++++++++++++++++++++++
    ++++++++++++++++++++++++

    Photosystem I

    +
    30

    Electron energy

    Photosystems I and II together

    Details:
    Photosystem II uses the ETC to pump protons and do work
    The two systems are linked by PC (plastocyanin)
    All of this happens in the thylakoid membranes.

    31

    Electron energy

    Photosystems I and II together

    Outputs: O2, ATP, NADPH

    32

    You should be able to:

    Explain what we mean by high energy electrons and low energy electrons.

    Apply the terms oxidation and reduction appropriately in a chemical reaction


    (where electron movement is clearly specified).

    Explain the cycling of electron carriers from an oxidized to a reduced state. What is
    their role in respiration? How are they similar to those used in photosynthesis? How
    are they different?

    Identify the source of electrons and the final electron acceptor in an electron tranpsort
    chain (ETC)

    explain why not having one or the other will halt the flow of electrons through the chain
    and the consequences to the chloroplast/ mitochondria/ cell if the ETC is halted

    Explain some ways in which photosynthesis and respiration are similar in terms of:

    electron transport chain producing proton motive force


    ATP synthase
    use of electron carriers to shuttle electrons
    roll of cellular membranes and which membranes are highly folded
    proteins involved and chemicals used
    control of metabolic pathways
    33

    You should be able to

    understand why photopigments only absorb certain wavelengths

    how photons are absorbed; why some cannot be absorbed


    why they appear certain colors
    how fluorescence works (see figure 10.10,
    8.2) and how it relates to potential and kinetic energy
    How exciting electrons is a transformation from light (kinetic) to potential energy (excited
    electron) and then to chemical energy (reduced electron acceptor)

    explain structure-function relationships in photosystem

    Also know the major molecules: PC, PQ, chlorophylls, carotenoids, cytochromoes,
    pheophytin, ferredoxin, etc.

    Explain concepts of Redox in context of photosynthesis (use appropriate terminology)

    Explain concepts of electron transport chains, proton gradients, and ATP synthase via
    proton motive force within the context of the chloroplast. (Figure 10.16)

    In which compartments of the chloroplast are protons accumulating?


    Which way do they flow to drive ATP synthesis?
    What is the ATP used for?
    34

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