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Prediction of Surface Radiative Properties: Theoretical Frame Work

1. This document outlines the theoretical framework for predicting the surface radiative properties of materials, including electromagnetic theory, optical properties of media, and interaction of electromagnetic waves with interfaces. 2. It describes Maxwell's equations, propagation of electromagnetic waves in dielectric and conductive media, laws of reflection and refraction at interfaces, and prediction of reflectivity and emissivity using Fresnel equations. 3. Formulas are presented for the complex refractive index in conductive media to account for absorption, as well as expressions for reflectivity and emissivity of dielectric and absorbing materials as functions of refractive index.

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Rashed Kaiser
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49 views31 pages

Prediction of Surface Radiative Properties: Theoretical Frame Work

1. This document outlines the theoretical framework for predicting the surface radiative properties of materials, including electromagnetic theory, optical properties of media, and interaction of electromagnetic waves with interfaces. 2. It describes Maxwell's equations, propagation of electromagnetic waves in dielectric and conductive media, laws of reflection and refraction at interfaces, and prediction of reflectivity and emissivity using Fresnel equations. 3. Formulas are presented for the complex refractive index in conductive media to account for absorption, as well as expressions for reflectivity and emissivity of dielectric and absorbing materials as functions of refractive index.

Uploaded by

Rashed Kaiser
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Prediction of

Surface Radiative Properties


Theoretical
frame
work
1)electromagnetic theory :
Maxwells equation
2) characteristics of radiative wave
propagation :
optical properties from electric
and
magnetic properties , , re

dielectrics
c0
n c0
c
conductor
s
2
2

0
0
n2
1

2 c0 re

c0

2
2

1 1

1/ 2

2 c0 re

1/ 2

3)interaction of the
electromagnetic wave with the
interface between two media :
laws of reflection and refraction
(Snells law and Fresnel
equation)
4) prediction of emissivity and
reflectivity

Radiative wave propagation


within a medium
Maxwells equation
E E
H
H
, E
,
t re
t
E 0, H 0
H: magnetic intensity,
E: electric intensity in SI
units
: magnetic permeability
: electric permittivity

Within an infinite, homogeneous,


isotropic medium
1)Propagation in perfect dielectric
media
very large electric resistivity re

E E
H
H
, E
,
t re
t
E
H
H
, E
,
t
t
E 0, H 0

For plane wave: all the quantities


concerned with the wave are
constant over any y-z plane at any
time.

Then

0
y z
,
and H components can be
eliminated.
2
2
Ey Ey
2 Ez 2 Ez

2
2
2
2
t
x
t
x
Wave equations governing the
propagation of Ey and Ez in the x
direction

y
Ey
Hy

Electric field wave polarized in xy


plane, traveling in x direction
For polarized electromagnetic
wave: E contained in x-y plane

Ey Ey

2
2
t
x
2

General solution

t
t
Ey f x
g x

propagation in the
negative x directions

positive

and

Consider a wave propagating in the


positive x direction

t
Ey f x

dx
1

c : speed of
propagation
dt

speed:
light

For a fixed wavelength (spectral


wave)
at the origin, x = 0
E y E yM exp i t E yM cos t i sin t

: angular frequency
2 2 c / 2 c0 / 0
A wave traveling in the positive x
direction

E y E yM exp i t
c

E y E yM exp i t x

simple refractive index:

0 0

c0
n c0
c

E y E yM exp i t x

n
E y E yM exp i t
c0

EyM: undiminished amplitude


through
the medium

Propagation in isotropic media of


finite conductivity

n
E y E yM exp i t
c0



x exp x

c0

: extinction coefficient or
absorption index indicates
absorption of the energy of the wave
as it travels through the medium.
complex refractive
index
n n i

2Ey 2Ey Ey

2
2
t
x
re t
i 0 c0
2
2
c0 n i
,
2 re
0 c0
2
2
2
n c0 , n
4 re
2 1/ 2

2
0
0
n
1

2 c0 re

2 1/ 2

2
0
0

2 c0 re

Reflectivity
(directional-hemispherical spectral specular)

Fresnel equation
(M. Born & E. Wolf Principles of Optics pp.
36-51)

1) Between two perfect dielectrics


n1
n2

Snells
law
sin n1

sin n2

tan
P( )

tan( )

sin
, ( )

sin

P( ) ( )
( )
2
1 tan ( ) sin ( )

2
2 tan ( ) sin 2 ( )
2

1 sin 2 ( )
cos 2 ( )

2
2
2 sin ( )
cos ( )

sin n1

sin n2

using Snells
law
n / n 2 cos n / n 2 sin 2
2 1
2 1

P( )
2
2

n2 / n1 cos n2 / n1 sin 2

2
1/
2
n / n 2 sin 2

cos
2 1

( )

1/
2
2

n2 / n1 sin 2
cos

n2 n1
n

n2 n1

1/ 2

1/ 2

2) From vacuum(or air) to absorbing


media a 2 b 2 2a sin tan sin 2 tan 2
P( ) 2
( )
2
2
2
a b 2a sin tan sin tan
a b 2a cos cos
( ) 2
a b 2 2a cos cos 2
where
2

2a 2 n2 2 sin 2 4n2 2

1/ 2

2b 2 n2 2 sin 2 4n 2 2

n2 1

n
2
2
n2 1 2
2

2
2

n2 2 sin 2
1/ 2

n2 2 sin 2

Emissivity
( ) 1 ( )
2

4n
n 1

Dielectrics n 1

2
n 1
n 1
1
usin cos d

g
2
2
2
3
n

1
n

1
n ( n 1)
n 1

ln

2
3
2
2
6 n 1
n 1 n 1
2 n n 2 n 1
3

1 n 1
4

8n ( n 1)
4

2
4
n

1
n

lnn

Metals : cos ~ 1
4n cos
P( ) 2
2
2
n

cos

2n cos 1
4n cos
( )
cos 2 2n cos n 2 2

P( ) ( )
( )
2
n

4n

n 1

1 2n n
4n 4n ln
2
2
n
2

4n n
2

tan

2
2
n n

2
4n
4n
2
2
2

ln(1 2n n )
2
2
2
2
n
n
4n n 2 2

tan
2
1 n
n2 2
1

Theoretical trend
directional dependence
1) Dielectrics

2) Conductors
n

= 0

spectral dependence
1) Dielectrics

2) Conductors

visible

visible

Directional emissivity of ideal


dielectrics predicted by EM theory

Directional spectral emissivity of platinum


at wavelength = 2 m

Hagen Rubens emissivity relation


for metals with small re for long
0
wavelength
1
0 > ~ 5 m,
2 c0 re
2

c0
n
2
2

1 1

c0

2
2

2 1/ 2

2 c0 re

1 1

2 1/ 2

2 c0 re

0 0 c0
0.0030
n

, 0 m , re cm

4 re
re

Directional spectral
(in the direction
normal to the surface)
emissivity
4n
4n
. n ( ) 1 . n ( ) 2
Q n
2
2n 2n 1
n 1 2

2 2
1
1
1
. n ( ) 2 3 5 6
n n
n
2n
2n
0.0030
n
for 0 > ~ 5 m, large n
1/ 2
re
2 re
2 re
. n ( )


0.003 0
0.003 0
Note:

re T . n ( )

re
. n ( ) 36.5
0

1/ 2

re
T
464 , re re ,273
0
273

Directional total emissivity


1
n (T )
. n e b d
4 0
T
1
1/ 2

2 re / 0.0030 e0b d 0
4 0
T
1/ 2
0.575 reT 0.0348 re ,273 T
with additional
n (T ) 0.575( reT )1/ 2 0.177( reT ) 0.058( reT )3 / 2
terms
two-term approximation:
1/ 2

n (T ) 0.576( reT ) 0.124( reT )


three-term approximation:
n (T ) 0.578( reT )1/ 2 0.178( reT ) 0.0584( reT )3 / 2

(T ) 0.766( reT )1/ 2 0.309 0.0889 ln reT reT 0.0175( reT )3 / 2


Parker & Abbott

Hemispherical total emissivity of various


metals compared with theory

Ex 4-4
n ?

black enclosure
at Ti = 500 K

polished platinum
surface at TA = 250
K
Hagen Rubens emissivity
relation
,n T , n (T ) 0.0348 re ,273 T
platinu
m:

re ,293 105

black enclosure
at Ti = 500 K

n ?

polished platinum
surface at TA = 250
K
?

n (T ) 0.0348 re ,273 T
,n T

n (250 K) 1 n (250 K) 1 n (250 K)


n (250 K)

,n (250 K)i b (500 K)d

i b (500 K)d

,n (250 K)i b (500 K)d

i b (500 K)d

(250 K)
n

,n (250 K)i b (500 K)d

i b d

Sinc ,n T
e
250
1
,n (250 K)
,n (500 K)
,n (500 K)
500
2
1
,n (500 K)i b (500 K)d

0
2
n (250 K)

ib (500 K)d
0

n (500 K)

n (500 K)
n (250 K) 1 n (250 K) 1
2
273
T
n (500 K) 0.0348 re ,273 T 0.0348 re ,293
293
273
5
0.0348 10
500 0.053
293
0.053
n (250 K) 1
0.963
2
With gray body assumption
n (250 K) 1 n (250 K) 1 n (250 K)
1 0.0348 re ,273 T
1 0.0348 10

273
250 1 0.027 0.973
293

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