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Routing: Engr. Neriza V. Bustillo, Mpa, Mit

This document provides an overview of router configuration and operation. It describes the different storage areas in a router, including ROM, Flash, NVRAM, and RAM. It outlines the various modes a router can be in, including user EXEC, privileged EXEC, and global and specific configuration modes. It also discusses how to configure basic settings like the hostname, passwords, interfaces, static routes, and view the routing table.

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89 views35 pages

Routing: Engr. Neriza V. Bustillo, Mpa, Mit

This document provides an overview of router configuration and operation. It describes the different storage areas in a router, including ROM, Flash, NVRAM, and RAM. It outlines the various modes a router can be in, including user EXEC, privileged EXEC, and global and specific configuration modes. It also discusses how to configure basic settings like the hostname, passwords, interfaces, static routes, and view the routing table.

Uploaded by

samiza1122
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Routing

ENGR. NERIZA V. BUSTILLO,


MPA, MIT

Router storage areas


ROM

Flash

Permanent

Keeps

Holds

POST, boot
instructions, basic IOS

contents
Holds IOS image

NVRAM

RAM

Keeps

Volatile

contents
Holds startup
configuration file

Holds

runnning config,
tables, queues etc

Router IOS modes


User EXEC mode
enable
disable

+ password

Privileged EXEC mode


Configure terminal
Exit or Ctrl+z
Global Configuration mode
Exit

End

Specific Configuration modes

Router prompts
User EXEC mode

Router>

Privileged EXEC mode

Router#

Global Configuration mode


Specific Configuration modes

Router(config)#
Router(config-if)#
and others

EXEC modes
You

log in to User EXEC mode


Router>
You can give basic monitoring commands
but cannot change the configuration
Enter enable to go to Privileged EXEC
mode
Router#
Password may be used for security
You can give more commands and can go
to configuration modes

Configuration modes
Start

in privileged EXEC mode and enter


the configure terminal (config t)
command
Router# config t
Router(config)#
The prompt changes
This is global configuration mode
Additional commands take you to interface
configuration, router configuration etc.

Leaving configuration modes


From interface configuration mode there
are several ways of getting to privileged
EXEC
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# exit
Router#
Router(config-if)# end
Router#
Router(config-if)# Ctrl+z
Router#

? To get help
?

Gives a list of commands available


from the current prompt.
Command followed by space then ?
Gives a list of keywords or arguments
that can be used.
Start of command followed by ? with no
space shows how the word can be
continued.

Shortened commands
Router#show

running-config
Router#show run
Router#sh ru
It needs enough letters of each word to
be unambiguous. (Tab key shows whole
word)
Router#s ru
% Ambiguous command: s

Other error messages


Switch#clock

set
% Incomplete command
Switch#clock set 19:50:00 25 6
% Invalid input detected at ^ marker
Router#show runming-config
% Invalid input detected at ^ marker

Keyboard shortcuts
Tab

completes a partial command


Backspace erases to left of cursor
Ctrl+D erases at cursor (Delete does
not)
Ctrl+Z
returns from any config mode
to privileged exec mode
Ctrl+C
leave Setup mode

Show commands
Show

? To get a list
Many different show commands to give
information about every aspect of the
router and its operation
We use some of the most common.

General show commands


Show

running-config shows the


configuration file from RAM
Show startup-config shows the saved
configuration file from NVRAM
Show version gives information about
the IOS and the router itself. It shows
the configuration register, which
controls how the router starts up.

Show interfaces
Gives

statistics for all interfaces


In particular, says if the interface is up
and if the protocol is up important in
troubleshooting.
Show interfaces serial 0/0 to show
one selected interface
You can shorten to show int s 0/0
Show ip interfaces gives IP statistics

Save configuration
Router#copy running-config startupconfig
Router#copy run start (shortened)
Router#wr (Old fashioned, short for
write, but it works and is safe.)
Beware! A typing error in the copy
command can delete the operating
system. If you get an odd message about
Flash hands off call for help.

Hostname
Router>enable
Router#config

t
Router(config)#hostname Paris
Paris(config)#
Configure a suitable hostname so that
you know which router you are
managing and so that you can identify it
in network documentation.

Console password
Paris(config)#line

con 0
Paris(config-line)#password cisco
Paris(config-line)#login
Paris(config-line)#exit
Restricts access via the console
Use cisco as the password in labs.
Use a proper strong password on
production networks

Vty password for Telnet


Paris(config)#line

vty 0 4
Paris(config-line)#password cisco
Paris(config-line)#login
Paris(config-line)#exit
Allows and restricts access via 5 vty
lines
Use cisco as the password in labs.
Use a proper strong, different password
on production networks

Enable and enable secret


Paris(config)#enable

secret class
The password class is needed when you
type enable to enter privileged exec mode
This password is encrypted
Paris(config)#enable password cisco
Not encrypted, used on older routers
If you configure both, then only the enable
secret is used.

Message of the day


Paris(config)#banner

motd # No
unauthorised access #
# is a delimiter to show where the
message starts and ends.
Any character can be used as long as it
does not appear in the message.
The message should make it clear that
unauthorised access is forbidden.

Reload
Shuts

down the router and then starts it

again.
If the configuration has changed then
you are prompted to save it.
The running configuration in RAM is lost.
The startup configuration from NVRAM is
(usually) loaded into RAM on startup.

Configure a router interface


Paris(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0
Paris(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1
255.255.0.0
Paris(config-if)#no shutdown
Paris(config-if)#exit
Interface names vary, depending on whether
the router is modular and on the bandwidth.
E.g. interface Ethernet 0 on an older router

Configure a router interface


Paris(config)#interface

serial 0/0
Paris(config-if)#ip address
192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0
(Paris(config-if)#clock rate 64000)
Paris(config-if)#no shutdown
Paris(config-if)#exit

Description
Paris(config)#interface fa0/0
Paris(config-if)#description Connects
to Paris central switch
Can include circuit and contact
information
Not needed for the operation of the router
Valuable for documentation as it is
included in the configuration listing

Default gateway
Each PC is configured with an IP address
and a default gateway.
The default gateway is the IP address of
a router port on the same network as the
PC.
It is the routers job to handle messages
to other networks.
Each router port is on a different network
and has a different IP address

Hops
A

packet may pass through many


routers on its journey.
The trip from one router to the next is
called a hop and the next router is
called the next hop router.
Each router looks at the IP address in
the packet header and decides what to
do with the packet next.

Routing table and forwarding


Each router has a routing table. This contains
a list of known networks and the best way to
get there outgoing port and address of nexthop router.
The router looks at the IP address of a packet.
It decides which network this address is on.
If it knows the network it forwards the packet.
If it does not know the network it drops the
packet.

Routing table and forwarding


Each router has a routing table. This contains
a list of known networks and the best way to
get there outgoing port and address of nexthop router.
The router looks at the IP address of a packet.
It decides which network this address is on.
If it knows the network it forwards the packet.
If it does not know the network it drops the
packet.

Configure a static route


R1(config)#ip

route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0

172.16.2.2
Give the next hop address
R1(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0
Serial 0/0
Or give the exit interface

Delete a static route


R1(config)#no

ip route 192.168.2.0
255.255.255.0 serial 0/0
Give the same command again with no
in front.
Most commands can be reversed like
this.

Directly connected

The

networks of the routers own


interfaces go into the routing table

Other networks
Routes

to other networks can be


configured by an administrator (static
routes)
Or they can be learned from another
router using a routing protocol (dynamic
routes)
A router can have a default route.
Packets for unknown networks go on this
route instead of being dropped.

Routing table entries


Directly connected shown by C

Routing table entries


Static, configured by administrator,
shown by S

Routing table entries


Learned from another router using RIP
routing protocol, shown by R

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